Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Craft of Mawgis, sentence 125

And now, when he was in the greatest need, did the good horse Bayard help him, for he, having such wit as never horse had before, seeing that Reynaud his master was fast asleep, smote with his hoof on his shield that he woke him, and he, looking up, the gallows being hard by the wood, saw Richard now beginning to mount the ladder that was set against the gallows.

Who acts: Richard, greatest need, horse, Reynaud master, gallows, wood · What happens: be, do, help, have, see, smote · To what, where: greatest need, good horse, Richard, such wit, shield, horse

This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Craft of Mawgis. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Richard, greatest need, horse, Reynaud master), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	And	and	CCONJ	_	12 did	cc
2	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	12 did	advmod
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 now	punct
4	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	10 need	advmod
5	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 need	nsubj
6	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 need	cop
7	in	in	ADP	_	10 need	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 need	det
9	greatest	great	ADJ	Degree=Sup	10 need	amod
10	need	need	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 did	nsubj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 need	punct
12	did	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	17 help	advcl
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 horse	det
14	good	good	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 horse	amod
15	horse	horse	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 did	obj
16	Bayard	Bayard	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 horse	appos
17	help	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
18	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 help	obj
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 having	punct
20	for	for	SCONJ	_	23 having	mark
21	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	23 having	nsubj
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 having	punct
23	having	have	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	17 help	advcl
24	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 wit	amod
25	wit	wit	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 having	obj
26	as	as	SCONJ	_	29 had	mark
27	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	28 horse	advmod
28	horse	horse	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 had	nsubj
29	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	23 having	advcl
30	before	before	ADV	_	29 had	advmod
31	,	,	PUNCT	_	32 seeing	punct
32	seeing	see	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	23 having	advcl
33	that	that	SCONJ	_	39 asleep	mark
34	Reynaud	Reynaud	PROPN	Number=Sing	36 master	compound
35	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	36 master	nmod:poss
36	master	master	NOUN	Number=Sing	39 asleep	nsubj
37	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	39 asleep	cop
38	fast	fast	ADV	Degree=Pos	39 asleep	advmod
39	asleep	asleep	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 seeing	advcl
40	,	,	PUNCT	_	41 smote	punct
41	smote	smote	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	17 help	conj
42	with	with	ADP	_	44 hoof	case
43	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	44 hoof	nmod:poss
44	hoof	hoof	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 smote	obl
45	on	on	ADP	_	47 shield	case
46	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	47 shield	nmod:poss
47	shield	shield	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 smote	obl
48	that	that	SCONJ	_	50 woke	mark
49	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	50 woke	nsubj
50	woke	wake	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	41 smote	advcl
51	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	50 woke	obj
52	,	,	PUNCT	_	56 looking	punct
53	and	and	CCONJ	_	56 looking	cc
54	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	56 looking	nsubj
55	,	,	PUNCT	_	56 looking	punct
56	looking	look	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	17 help	conj
57	up	up	ADP	_	56 looking	compound:prt
58	,	,	PUNCT	_	60 gallows	punct
59	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	60 gallows	det
60	gallows	gallows	NOUN	Number=Plur	65 wood	nsubj
61	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	65 wood	cop
62	hard	hard	ADV	Degree=Pos	65 wood	advmod
63	by	by	ADP	_	65 wood	case
64	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	65 wood	det
65	wood	wood	NOUN	Number=Sing	56 looking	parataxis
66	,	,	PUNCT	_	67 saw	punct
67	saw	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	65 wood	acl:relcl
68	Richard	Richard	PROPN	Number=Sing	67 saw	obj
69	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	70 beginning	advmod
70	beginning	begin	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	67 saw	advcl
71	to	to	PART	_	72 mount	mark
72	mount	mount	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	70 beginning	xcomp
73	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	74 ladder	det
74	ladder	ladder	NOUN	Number=Sing	72 mount	obj
75	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	77 set	nsubj:pass
76	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	77 set	aux:pass
77	set	set	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	74 ladder	acl:relcl
78	against	against	ADP	_	80 gallows	case
79	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	80 gallows	det
80	gallows	gallows	NOUN	Number=Plur	77 set	obl
81	.	.	PUNCT	_	17 help	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	Richard			the greatest need			tree rules
2	do	past	the greatest need	the good horse			now		vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horse=Eventuality
3	help	present			Richard				vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Beneficiary
4	have	gerund	Richard	such wit					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wit=Patient
5	have	past	horse					before property	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
6	see	gerund	Richard not said here						vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
7	is	past	Richard's Reynaud master					asleep, fast property	tree rules
8	smote	infinitive				Richard's shield		with Richard's hoof	tree rules
9	wake	past	Richard	horse					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent he=Patient
10	look up	gerund	Richard						vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
11	is	gerund	the gallows					by the wood; hard property	tree rules
12	see	past	the wood not said here	Richard					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer richard=Stimulus
13	begin	gerund	the wood not said here				now		vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
14	mount	to-infinitive	the wood not said here	the ladder					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ladder=Patient
15	set	past · passive		the ladder		the gallows			vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme against gallows=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

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🌲 Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Craft of Mawgis, sentence 125

The tree

Pragmatics

Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Craft of Mawgis, sentence 125