Legends of the conquest of Spain, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho., sentence 34
Still the battle lingered on throughout a great part of the day; and as the declining sun shone through the clouds of dust, it seemed as if the conflicting hosts were wrapped in smoke and fire.
Who acts: you, it · What happens: still, linger, decline, shine, seem, conflict · To what, where: battle, great part, declining sun, clouds, conflicting hosts, smoke
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Battle of Calpe.—fate of Ataulpho.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, it), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Still | still | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 battle | det |
| 3 | battle | battle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Still | obj |
| 4 | lingered | linger | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 battle | acl |
| 5 | on | on | ADP | _ | 9 part | case |
| 6 | throughout | throughout | ADP | _ | 9 part | case |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 part | det |
| 8 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 part | amod |
| 9 | part | part | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 lingered | obl |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 day | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 day | det |
| 12 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 part | nmod |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 seemed | punct |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 seemed | cc |
| 15 | as | as | ADP | _ | 18 sun | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 sun | det |
| 17 | declining | decline | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 18 sun | amod |
| 18 | sun | sun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 seemed | obl |
| 19 | shone | shine | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 sun | acl |
| 20 | through | through | ADP | _ | 22 clouds | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 clouds | det |
| 22 | clouds | cloud | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 shone | obl |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 dust | case |
| 24 | dust | dust | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 clouds | nmod |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 sun | punct |
| 26 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 seemed | nsubj |
| 27 | seemed | seem | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 1 Still | parataxis |
| 28 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 34 wrapped | mark |
| 29 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 34 wrapped | mark |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 hosts | det |
| 31 | conflicting | conflict | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 32 hosts | amod |
| 32 | hosts | host | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 wrapped | nsubj:pass |
| 33 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 wrapped | aux:pass |
| 34 | wrapped | wrap | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 27 seemed | xcomp |
| 35 | in | in | ADP | _ | 36 smoke | case |
| 36 | smoke | smoke | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 wrapped | obl |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 fire | cc |
| 38 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 smoke | conj |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Still | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | still | imperative | you not said here | the battle | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent battle=Patient | ||||
| 2 | linger | participle | the battle not said here | a great part of the day | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on part=Location | ||||
| 3 | decline | gerund | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | ||||||
| 4 | shine | participle | the declining sun not said here | the clouds of dust | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through cloud=Location | ||||
| 5 | seem | past | it | as the declining sun | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute | ||||
| 6 | conflict | gerund | tree rules | ||||||
| 7 | wrap a condition, not said to happen | past · passive | the conflicting hosts | smoke and fire | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in smoke=Destination | ||||
| 8 | cloud | dust | nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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