Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter XIV., sentence 27
At length, breaking silence, in a low and faltering voice, “Doubtless,” said he, “this message is from God; and since he has taken compassion upon us, and given us notice of his impending judgment, it behoves us to hold grave council, and determine how best we may accomplish his will and avert his displeasure.”
Who acts: Doubtless, message, we · What happens: break, falter, say, be, take, give · To what, where: length, compassion, notice, us, grave council, best · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter XIV.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Doubtless, message, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | At | at | ADP | _ | 2 length | case |
| 2 | length | length | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 said | obl |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 silence | punct |
| 4 | breaking | break | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 5 silence | amod |
| 5 | silence | silence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 length | conj |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 voice | punct |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 voice | case |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 voice | det |
| 9 | low | low | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 voice | amod |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 faltering | cc |
| 11 | faltering | falter | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 9 low | conj |
| 12 | voice | voice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 length | parataxis |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 length | punct |
| 14 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 Doubtless | punct |
| 15 | Doubtless | Doubtless | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 said | nsubj |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 Doubtless | punct |
| 17 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 Doubtless | punct |
| 18 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 19 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 God | nsubj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 God | punct |
| 21 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 26 God | punct |
| 22 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 23 message | det |
| 23 | message | message | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 God | nsubj |
| 24 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 God | cop |
| 25 | from | from | ADP | _ | 26 God | case |
| 26 | God | God | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 said | ccomp |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 32 taken | punct |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 taken | cc |
| 29 | since | since | SCONJ | _ | 32 taken | mark |
| 30 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 taken | nsubj |
| 31 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 taken | aux |
| 32 | taken | take | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 18 said | conj |
| 33 | compassion | compassion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 taken | obj |
| 34 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 35 us | case |
| 35 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 32 taken | obl |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 given | punct |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 given | cc |
| 38 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 32 taken | conj |
| 39 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 38 given | iobj |
| 40 | notice | notice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 given | obj |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 judgment | case |
| 42 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 44 judgment | nmod:poss |
| 43 | impending | impend | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 44 judgment | amod |
| 44 | judgment | judgment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 notice | nmod |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 47 behoves | punct |
| 46 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 47 behoves | nsubj |
| 47 | behoves | behove | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 said | parataxis |
| 48 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 47 behoves | obj |
| 49 | to | to | PART | _ | 50 hold | mark |
| 50 | hold | hold | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 47 behoves | advcl |
| 51 | grave | grave | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 52 council | amod |
| 52 | council | council | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 hold | obj |
| 53 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 55 determine | punct |
| 54 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 55 determine | cc |
| 55 | determine | determine | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 47 behoves | conj |
| 56 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 57 best | advmod |
| 57 | best | good | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 55 determine | obj |
| 58 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 60 accomplish | nsubj |
| 59 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 60 accomplish | aux |
| 60 | accomplish | accomplish | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 55 determine | parataxis |
| 61 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 62 will | nmod:poss |
| 62 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 60 accomplish | advcl |
| 63 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 64 avert | cc |
| 64 | avert | avert | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 60 accomplish | conj |
| 65 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 66 displeasure | nmod:poss |
| 66 | displeasure | displeasure | NOUN | Number=Sing | 64 avert | obj |
| 67 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 47 behoves | punct |
| 68 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 47 behoves | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | break | gerund | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 2 | falter | gerund | Doubtless not said here | vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 3 | say speech: assert | past | Doubtless | length in a low voice and breaking silence | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 4 | is in a quote | present | Doubtless | from God; this message nsubj | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | take in a quote | present · perfect | Doubtless | compassion | upon us | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent compassion=Theme | |||
| 6 | give in a quote | participle | Doubtless not said here | notice of Doubtless's impending judgment | us | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient notice=Theme | |||
| 7 | impend in a quote | gerund | tree rules | ||||||
| 8 | behove in a quote | present | message | us | tree rules | ||||
| 9 | hold in a quote | to-infinitive | message not said here | grave council | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent council=Theme | ||||
| 10 | determine in a quote | infinitive | message not said here | best | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent good=Topic | ||||
| 11 | accomplish in a quote | may | we | vn complete-55.2 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 12 | avert in a quote | infinitive | we not said here | Doubtless's displeasure | tree rules | ||||
| 13 | notice in a quote | Doubtless's impending judgment | nom notice «communication transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 14 | judge in a quote | Doubtless | nom judgment «cognition transitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 15 | displease in a quote | Doubtless | nom displeasure «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/15/27/