Legends of the conquest of Spain, The Field of Battle After the Defeat.—the Fate of Roderick., sentence 28
On being questioned, the trembling rustic declared, that while tending his sheep in the folds of the mountains, there came a cavalier on a horse wearied and spent and ready to sink beneath the spur; that the cavalier with an authoritative voice and menacing air commanded him to exchange garments with him, and clad himself in his rude garb of sheep-skin, and took his crook and his scrip of provisions, and continued up the rugged defiles of the mountains leading towards Castile, until he was lost to view.
Who acts: that, cavalier, mountains · What happens: question, tremble, declare, tend, come, weary · To what, where: sheep, folds, cavalier, Julian, garments, rude garb · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, The Field of Battle After the Defeat.—the Fate of Roderick.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (that, cavalier, mountains), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | On | on | SCONJ | _ | 3 questioned | mark |
| 2 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 3 questioned | aux:pass |
| 3 | questioned | question | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 questioned | punct |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 trembling | det |
| 6 | trembling | tremble | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 3 questioned | advcl |
| 7 | rustic | rustic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 declared | amod |
| 8 | declared | declare | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 trembling | xcomp |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 tending | punct |
| 10 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 tending | nsubj |
| 11 | while | while | SCONJ | _ | 12 tending | mark |
| 12 | tending | tend | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 6 trembling | conj |
| 13 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 14 sheep | nmod:poss |
| 14 | sheep | sheep | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 tending | obj |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 17 folds | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 folds | det |
| 17 | folds | fold | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 tending | obl |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 mountains | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 mountains | det |
| 20 | mountains | mountain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 folds | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 came | punct |
| 22 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 23 came | expl |
| 23 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 tending | conj |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 cavalier | det |
| 25 | cavalier | cavalier | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 came | obj |
| 26 | on | on | ADP | _ | 28 horse | case |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 horse | det |
| 28 | horse | horse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 cavalier | nmod |
| 29 | wearied | weary | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 25 cavalier | acl |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 spent | cc |
| 31 | spent | spend | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 29 wearied | conj |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 ready | cc |
| 33 | ready | ready | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 wearied | conj |
| 34 | to | to | PART | _ | 35 sink | mark |
| 35 | sink | sink | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 33 ready | xcomp |
| 36 | beneath | beneath | ADP | _ | 38 spur | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 spur | det |
| 38 | spur | spur | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 sink | obl |
| 39 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 50 commanded | punct |
| 40 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 50 commanded | mark |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 cavalier | det |
| 42 | cavalier | cavalier | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 commanded | nsubj |
| 43 | with | with | ADP | _ | 46 voice | case |
| 44 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 46 voice | det |
| 45 | authoritative | authoritative | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 46 voice | amod |
| 46 | voice | voice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 cavalier | nmod |
| 47 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 49 air | cc |
| 48 | menacing | menace | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 49 air | amod |
| 49 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 cavalier | conj |
| 50 | commanded | command | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 came | parataxis |
| 51 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 50 commanded | obj |
| 52 | to | to | PART | _ | 53 exchange | mark |
| 53 | exchange | exchange | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 50 commanded | xcomp |
| 54 | garments | garment | NOUN | Number=Plur | 53 exchange | obj |
| 55 | with | with | ADP | _ | 56 him | case |
| 56 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 53 exchange | obl |
| 57 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 59 clad | punct |
| 58 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 59 clad | cc |
| 59 | clad | clad | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 50 commanded | conj |
| 60 | himself | himself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 59 clad | obj |
| 61 | in | in | ADP | _ | 64 garb | case |
| 62 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 64 garb | nmod:poss |
| 63 | rude | rude | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 64 garb | amod |
| 64 | garb | garb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 59 clad | obl |
| 65 | of | of | ADP | _ | 66 sheep | case |
| 66 | sheep | sheep | NOUN | Number=Plur | 64 garb | nmod |
| 67 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 68 skin | punct |
| 68 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 66 sheep | conj |
| 69 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 71 took | punct |
| 70 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 71 took | cc |
| 71 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 50 commanded | conj |
| 72 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 73 crook | nmod:poss |
| 73 | crook | crook | NOUN | Number=Sing | 71 took | obj |
| 74 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 76 scrip | cc |
| 75 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 76 scrip | nmod:poss |
| 76 | scrip | scrip | NOUN | Number=Sing | 73 crook | conj |
| 77 | of | of | ADP | _ | 78 provisions | case |
| 78 | provisions | provision | NOUN | Number=Plur | 76 scrip | nmod |
| 79 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 81 continued | punct |
| 80 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 81 continued | cc |
| 81 | continued | continue | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 71 took | parataxis |
| 82 | up | up | ADP | _ | 81 continued | compound:prt |
| 83 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 85 defiles | det |
| 84 | rugged | rugged | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 85 defiles | amod |
| 85 | defiles | defile | NOUN | Number=Plur | 81 continued | obj |
| 86 | of | of | ADP | _ | 88 mountains | case |
| 87 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 88 mountains | det |
| 88 | mountains | mountain | NOUN | Number=Plur | 85 defiles | nmod |
| 89 | leading | lead | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 88 mountains | acl |
| 90 | towards | towards | ADP | _ | 91 Castile | case |
| 91 | Castile | Castile | PROPN | Number=Sing | 89 leading | obl |
| 92 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 96 lost | punct |
| 93 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 96 lost | mark |
| 94 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 96 lost | nsubj |
| 95 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 96 lost | aux:pass |
| 96 | lost | lose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 81 continued | conj |
| 97 | to | to | PART | _ | 98 view | mark |
| 98 | view | view | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 96 lost | xcomp |
| 99 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 questioned | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | question speech: other | gerund · passive | vn interrogate-37.1.3 «NP V NP» | ||||||
| 2 | tremble | gerund | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | declare speech: other | participle | vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | tend | gerund | that | Julian's sheep | the folds of the mountains | vn caring-75.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sheep=Theme | |||
| 5 | come | past | that not said here | a cavalier | there | on a horse | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location cavalier=Theme | ||
| 6 | weary | participle | a cavalier not said here | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 7 | spend | participle | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 8 | sink | to-infinitive | beneath the spur | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 9 | menace | gerund | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 10 | command | past | the cavalier with a authoritative voice and menacing air | Julian | vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent he=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 11 | exchange not said to happen | to-infinitive | the cavalier with a authoritative voice and menacing air not said here | garments | with Julian | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent garment=Theme with he=Co-Agent | |||
| 12 | clad | past | the cavalier with a authoritative voice and menacing air not said here | Julian | Julian's rude garb of sheep and skin | tree rules | |||
| 13 | take | past | the cavalier with a authoritative voice and menacing air not said here | Julian's crook and Julian's scrip of provisions | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crook=Theme | ||||
| 14 | continue up | participle | the rugged defiles of the mountains | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent defile=Theme | |||||
| 15 | lead | gerund | the mountains not said here | towards Castile | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent towards castile=Destination | ||||
| 16 | lose | past · passive | Julian | tree rules | |||||
| 17 | view | to-infinitive | vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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