Legends of the conquest of Spain, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., sentence 34
The Saracen army entered fearlessly into the pass; a part had already crossed the bridge, and was slowly toiling up the rugged road on the opposite side, when great shouts arose, and every cliff appeared suddenly peopled with furious foes.
Who acts: Saracen army · What happens: enter, cross, toil up, shout, arise, people · To what, where: pass, part, rugged road, opposite side, cliff · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Saracen army), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 army | det |
| 2 | Saracen | Saracen | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 army | compound |
| 3 | army | army | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 entered | nsubj |
| 4 | entered | enter | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | fearlessly | fearlessly | ADV | _ | 4 entered | advmod |
| 6 | into | into | ADP | _ | 8 pass | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 pass | det |
| 8 | pass | pass | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 entered | obl |
| 9 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 14 crossed | punct |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 part | det |
| 11 | part | part | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 crossed | nsubj:pass |
| 12 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 crossed | aux |
| 13 | already | already | ADV | _ | 14 crossed | advmod |
| 14 | crossed | cross | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 entered | conj |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 bridge | det |
| 16 | bridge | bridge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 crossed | obj |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 toiling | punct |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 toiling | cc |
| 19 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 21 toiling | aux |
| 20 | slowly | slowly | ADV | _ | 21 toiling | advmod |
| 21 | toiling | toil | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 entered | advcl |
| 22 | up | up | ADP | _ | 21 toiling | compound:prt |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 road | det |
| 24 | rugged | rugged | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 road | amod |
| 25 | road | road | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 toiling | obj |
| 26 | on | on | ADP | _ | 29 side | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 side | det |
| 28 | opposite | opposite | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 side | amod |
| 29 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 road | nmod |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 shouts | punct |
| 31 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 33 shouts | mark |
| 32 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 shouts | amod |
| 33 | shouts | shout | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 toiling | parataxis |
| 34 | arose | arise | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 shouts | ccomp |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 peopled | punct |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 peopled | cc |
| 37 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 38 cliff | det |
| 38 | cliff | cliff | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 peopled | nsubj:pass |
| 39 | appeared | appear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 41 peopled | aux |
| 40 | suddenly | suddenly | ADV | _ | 41 peopled | advmod |
| 41 | peopled | people | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 entered | conj |
| 42 | with | with | ADP | _ | 44 foes | case |
| 43 | furious | furious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 foes | amod |
| 44 | foes | foe | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 peopled | obl |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 entered | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | enter | past | the Saracen army | the pass | fearlessly property | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme into pass=Initial_Location | |||
| 2 | cross | past · perfect · passive | a part | the bridge obj | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | toil up | past · progressive | the Saracen army not said here | the rugged road | the opposite side | slowly property | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location road=Theme | ||
| 4 | shout speech: express | present | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||||
| 5 | arise | past | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 6 | people | past · passive | every cliff | with furious foes; suddenly property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/23/34/