Legends of the conquest of Spain, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains., sentence 36
Darts, arrows, javelins, and stones, came whistling down, singling out the most conspicuous cavaliers; and at times great masses of rock, bounding and thundering along the mountain side, crushed whole ranks at once, or hurled horses and riders over the edge of the precipices.
Who acts: Darts · What happens: come, whistle down, single out, bound, thunder, crush · To what, where: great masses, conspicuous cavaliers, mountain side, whole ranks, horses, edge
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Capture of Granada.—subjugation of the Alpuxarra Mountains.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Darts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Darts | dart | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 came | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 arrows | punct |
| 3 | arrows | arrow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Darts | conj |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 javelins | punct |
| 5 | javelins | javelin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Darts | conj |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 stones | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 stones | cc |
| 8 | stones | stone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Darts | conj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Darts | punct |
| 10 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | whistling | whistle | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 10 came | xcomp |
| 12 | down | down | ADP | _ | 11 whistling | compound:prt |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 singling | punct |
| 14 | singling | single | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 11 whistling | conj |
| 15 | out | out | ADP | _ | 14 singling | compound:prt |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 cavaliers | det |
| 17 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 18 conspicuous | advmod |
| 18 | conspicuous | conspicuous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 cavaliers | amod |
| 19 | cavaliers | cavalier | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 singling | obj |
| 20 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 25 masses | punct |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 masses | cc |
| 22 | at | at | ADP | _ | 23 times | case |
| 23 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 masses | obl |
| 24 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 masses | amod |
| 25 | masses | mass | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 came | obl |
| 26 | of | of | ADP | _ | 27 rock | case |
| 27 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 masses | nmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 bounding | punct |
| 29 | bounding | bound | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 25 masses | conj |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 thundering | cc |
| 31 | thundering | thunder | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 29 bounding | conj |
| 32 | along | along | ADP | _ | 35 side | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 side | det |
| 34 | mountain | mountain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 side | compound |
| 35 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 thundering | obl |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 crushed | punct |
| 37 | crushed | crush | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 came | parataxis |
| 38 | whole | whole | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 ranks | amod |
| 39 | ranks | rank | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 crushed | obj |
| 40 | at | at | ADP | _ | 41 once | case |
| 41 | once | once | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 37 crushed | obl |
| 42 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 hurled | punct |
| 43 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 44 hurled | cc |
| 44 | hurled | hurl | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 37 crushed | conj |
| 45 | horses | horse | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 hurled | obj |
| 46 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 47 riders | cc |
| 47 | riders | rider | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 horses | conj |
| 48 | over | over | ADP | _ | 50 edge | case |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 edge | det |
| 50 | edge | edge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 hurled | obl |
| 51 | of | of | ADP | _ | 53 precipices | case |
| 52 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 53 precipices | det |
| 53 | precipices | precipice | NOUN | Number=Plur | 50 edge | nmod |
| 54 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 came | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones | great masses at times of rock | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | whistle down | gerund | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones not said here | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | single out | gerund | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones not said here | the conspicuous cavaliers | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | bound | gerund | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones not said here | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | thunder | gerund | Darts and arrows and javelins and stones not said here | the mountain side | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along side=Location | ||||
| 6 | crush | past | whole ranks | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rank=Patient | |||||
| 7 | hurl | participle | horses and riders | the edge of the precipices | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent horse=Theme over edge=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/23/36/