Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter VI., sentence 12
We have been oppressed and insulted by the Christians in the time of their prosperity, and now that they are threatened with siege, they have taken from us all our provisions and our money; they have compelled us to work like slaves, repairing their walls; and they oblige us to bear arms and guard a part of the towers.
Who acts: Christians, our · What happens: oppress, insult, threaten, take, compel, work · To what, where: We, Christians, us, walls, arms, part
This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter VI.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Christians, our), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | We | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 4 oppressed | nsubj |
| 2 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 oppressed | aux |
| 3 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 oppressed | aux:pass |
| 4 | oppressed | oppress | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 insulted | cc |
| 6 | insulted | insult | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 oppressed | conj |
| 7 | by | by | ADP | _ | 9 Christians | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 Christians | det |
| 9 | Christians | Christian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 6 insulted | obl |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 time | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 time | det |
| 12 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 insulted | obl |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 prosperity | case |
| 14 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 prosperity | nmod:poss |
| 15 | prosperity | prosperity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 time | nmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 threatened | punct |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 threatened | cc |
| 18 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 22 threatened | advmod |
| 19 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 22 threatened | mark |
| 20 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 threatened | nsubj:pass |
| 21 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 threatened | aux:pass |
| 22 | threatened | threaten | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 oppressed | conj |
| 23 | with | with | ADP | _ | 24 siege | case |
| 24 | siege | siege | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 threatened | obl |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 taken | punct |
| 26 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 taken | nsubj |
| 27 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 taken | aux |
| 28 | taken | take | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 oppressed | conj |
| 29 | from | from | ADP | _ | 30 us | case |
| 30 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 28 taken | obl |
| 31 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 33 provisions | det:predet |
| 32 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 33 provisions | nmod:poss |
| 33 | provisions | provision | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 taken | conj |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 money | cc |
| 35 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 36 money | nmod:poss |
| 36 | money | money | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 provisions | conj |
| 37 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 40 compelled | punct |
| 38 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 40 compelled | nsubj |
| 39 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 40 compelled | aux |
| 40 | compelled | compel | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 oppressed | conj |
| 41 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 40 compelled | iobj |
| 42 | to | to | PART | _ | 43 work | mark |
| 43 | work | work | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 40 compelled | advcl |
| 44 | like | like | ADP | _ | 45 slaves | case |
| 45 | slaves | slave | NOUN | Number=Plur | 43 work | obl |
| 46 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 47 repairing | punct |
| 47 | repairing | repair | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 45 slaves | conj |
| 48 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 49 walls | nmod:poss |
| 49 | walls | wall | NOUN | Number=Plur | 47 repairing | obj |
| 50 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 53 oblige | punct |
| 51 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 53 oblige | cc |
| 52 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 53 oblige | nsubj |
| 53 | oblige | oblige | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 oppressed | parataxis |
| 54 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 53 oblige | obj |
| 55 | to | to | PART | _ | 56 bear | mark |
| 56 | bear | bear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 53 oblige | advcl |
| 57 | arms | arm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 56 bear | obj |
| 58 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 59 guard | cc |
| 59 | guard | guard | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 56 bear | conj |
| 60 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 61 part | det |
| 61 | part | part | NOUN | Number=Sing | 59 guard | obj |
| 62 | of | of | ADP | _ | 64 towers | case |
| 63 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 64 towers | det |
| 64 | towers | tower | NOUN | Number=Plur | 61 part | nmod |
| 65 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 oppressed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | oppress | present · perfect · passive | We | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | insult | participle | time | by the Christians | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 3 | threaten | present · passive | Christians = christian | now | with siege | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer | |||
| 4 | take | present · perfect | Christians = christian | from us; our provisions and our money conj | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent from we=Initial_Location | ||||
| 5 | compel | present · perfect | Christians = christian | us | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Patient | ||||
| 6 | work | to-infinitive | Christians = christian not said here | like slaves | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 7 | repair | gerund | Christians = christian not said here | Christians's walls | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent wall=Patient | ||||
| 8 | oblige | present | Christians = christian | us | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Patient | ||||
| 9 | bear | to-infinitive | Christians = christian not said here | arms | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Patient | ||||
| 10 | guard | infinitive | Christians = christian not said here | a part of the towers | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent part=Beneficiary | ||||
| 11 | provide | our | nom provision «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/27/12/