Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems, Opening, part 15, sentence 11
So first they bound them fast Then pried with cruel sticks Their mouths till open wide; Cut off their lower lips, Showing the grinning teeth, Then severing half their ears And half their noses too, They said to them in scorn: “_Kdihleba nda mina Ni nojimigahakw_:” “We warn you now, my friends, Do not attempt again To come against us here.”
Who acts: Abenakis, We · What happens: bound, pry, cut off, show, grin, sever · To what, where: heads, lower lips, grinning teeth, ears, scorn · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 15. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Abenakis, We), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | So | so | ADV | _ | 4 bound | advmod |
| 2 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 4 bound | advmod |
| 3 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 bound | nsubj |
| 4 | bound | bound | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 pried | advcl |
| 5 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 bound | obj |
| 6 | fast | fast | ADV | Degree=Pos | 4 bound | advmod |
| 7 | Then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 8 pried | advmod |
| 8 | pried | pry | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 9 | with | with | ADP | _ | 11 sticks | case |
| 10 | cruel | cruel | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 sticks | amod |
| 11 | sticks | stick | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 pried | obl |
| 12 | Their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 mouths | nmod:poss |
| 13 | mouths | mouth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 sticks | obj |
| 14 | till | till | ADP | _ | 15 open | case |
| 15 | open | open | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 pried | obl |
| 16 | wide | wide | ADV | _ | 8 pried | advmod |
| 17 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 18 Cut | punct |
| 18 | Cut | cut | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 pried | conj |
| 19 | off | off | ADP | _ | 22 lips | case |
| 20 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 22 lips | nmod:poss |
| 21 | lower | low | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 22 lips | amod |
| 22 | lips | lip | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 Cut | obl |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 Showing | punct |
| 24 | Showing | show | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 18 Cut | advcl |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 teeth | det |
| 26 | grinning | grin | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 27 teeth | amod |
| 27 | teeth | tooth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 Showing | obj |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 severing | punct |
| 29 | Then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 30 severing | advmod |
| 30 | severing | sever | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 24 Showing | conj |
| 31 | half | half | DET | NumForm=Word NumType=Frac PronType=Ind | 33 ears | det:predet |
| 32 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 33 ears | nmod:poss |
| 33 | ears | ear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 severing | obj |
| 34 | And | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 noses | cc |
| 35 | half | half | DET | NumForm=Word NumType=Frac PronType=Ind | 37 noses | det:predet |
| 36 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 37 noses | nmod:poss |
| 37 | noses | nose | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 ears | conj |
| 38 | too | too | ADV | _ | 30 severing | advmod |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 said | punct |
| 40 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 41 said | nsubj |
| 41 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 pried | parataxis |
| 42 | to | to | ADP | _ | 43 them | case |
| 43 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 41 said | obl |
| 44 | in | in | ADP | _ | 45 scorn | case |
| 45 | scorn | scorn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 said | obl |
| 46 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 53 nojimigahakw | punct |
| 47 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 53 nojimigahakw | punct |
| 48 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 51 mina | punct |
| 49 | Kdihleba | Kdihleba | PROPN | Number=Sing | 51 mina | compound |
| 50 | nda | nda | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 mina | compound |
| 51 | mina | mina | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 nojimigahakw | compound |
| 52 | Ni | Ni | PROPN | Number=Sing | 53 nojimigahakw | compound |
| 53 | nojimigahakw | nojimigahakw | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 pried | parataxis |
| 54 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 53 nojimigahakw | punct |
| 55 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 8 pried | punct |
| 56 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 pried | punct |
| 57 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 59 warn | punct |
| 58 | We | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 59 warn | nsubj |
| 59 | warn | warn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 pried | conj |
| 60 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 59 warn | obj |
| 61 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 59 warn | advmod |
| 62 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 64 friends | punct |
| 63 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 64 friends | nmod:poss |
| 64 | friends | friend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 59 warn | parataxis |
| 65 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 68 attempt | punct |
| 66 | Do | do | AUX | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 68 attempt | aux |
| 67 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 68 attempt | advmod |
| 68 | attempt | attempt | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 59 warn | parataxis |
| 69 | again | again | ADV | _ | 68 attempt | advmod |
| 70 | To | to | PART | _ | 71 come | mark |
| 71 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 68 attempt | xcomp |
| 72 | against | against | ADP | _ | 73 us | case |
| 73 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 71 come | obl |
| 74 | here | here | ADV | PronType=Dem | 71 come | advmod |
| 75 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 59 warn | punct |
| 76 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 pried | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | bound | present | Abenakis = abenaki | heads = head | fast, first property | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location they=Theme | |||
| 2 | pry | participle | till open; then | with cruel sticks Abenakis's mouths; mina Ni nojimigahakw parataxis; wide property | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 3 | cut off | participle | Abenakis's lower lips | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector lip=Eventuality | |||||
| 4 | show | gerund | the grinning teeth | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent tooth=Recipient | |||||
| 5 | grin | gerund | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | sever | gerund | Abenakis's ears and Abenakis's noses | then | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ear=Theme | ||||
| 7 | say speech: assert | past | Abenakis = abenaki | heads = head | scorn | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to they=Recipient | |||
| 8 | warn speech: warn in a quote | present | We | heads = head | now | my friends parataxis | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent you=Recipient | ||
| 9 | not attempt in a quote | infinitive · do-support | again | vn try-61.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 10 | not come in a quote | to-infinitive | here | against us | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme against we=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Project Gutenberg book 78673 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/15/11/