Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems, Opening, part 2, sentence 46
A favorite torture which they frequently practised was to build a large fire of hemlock coals, into the flames of which they drove their captives, compelling them to walk back and forth over the glowing embers until relieved by death.
Who acts: Mohawks, favorite torture · What happens: practise, be, drive, compel, walk back, glow · To what, where: favorite torture, flames, captives, Mohawks, glowing embers, hemlock coals
This is a sentence of «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Opening, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mohawks, favorite torture), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 torture | det |
| 2 | favorite | favorite | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 torture | amod |
| 3 | torture | torture | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 build | nsubj |
| 4 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 7 practised | obj |
| 5 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 practised | nsubj |
| 6 | frequently | frequently | ADV | _ | 7 practised | advmod |
| 7 | practised | practise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 torture | acl:relcl |
| 8 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 build | cop |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 10 build | mark |
| 10 | build | build | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 fire | det |
| 12 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 fire | amod |
| 13 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 build | obj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 coals | case |
| 15 | hemlock | hemlock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 coals | compound |
| 16 | coals | coal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 fire | nmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 flames | punct |
| 18 | into | into | ADP | _ | 20 flames | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 flames | det |
| 20 | flames | flame | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 build | obl |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 which | case |
| 22 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 24 drove | obl |
| 23 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 drove | nsubj |
| 24 | drove | drive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 flames | acl:relcl |
| 25 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 26 captives | nmod:poss |
| 26 | captives | captive | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 drove | obj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 compelling | punct |
| 28 | compelling | compel | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 24 drove | advcl |
| 29 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 compelling | obj |
| 30 | to | to | PART | _ | 31 walk | mark |
| 31 | walk | walk | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 28 compelling | xcomp |
| 32 | back | back | ADV | _ | 31 walk | advmod |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 forth | cc |
| 34 | forth | forth | ADV | _ | 32 back | conj |
| 35 | over | over | ADP | _ | 38 embers | case |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 embers | det |
| 37 | glowing | glow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 38 embers | amod |
| 38 | embers | ember | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 walk | obl |
| 39 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 40 relieved | mark |
| 40 | relieved | relieve | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 31 walk | advcl |
| 41 | by | by | ADP | _ | 42 death | case |
| 42 | death | death | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 relieved | obl |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 build | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | practise | past | Mohawks = mohawk | a favorite torture | frequently property | tree rules | |||
| 2 | is | past | a favorite torture | the flames | a large fire of hemlock coals obj; build property | tree rules | |||
| 3 | drive | past | Mohawks = mohawk | Mohawks's captives | of the flames | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent captive=Theme of which=Trajectory | |||
| 4 | compel | gerund | Mohawks = mohawk not said here | Mohawks = mohawk | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent they=Patient clause=Result | ||||
| 5 | walk back | to-infinitive | Mohawks = mohawk not said here | the glowing embers | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over ember=Trajectory | ||||
| 6 | glow | gerund | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 7 | relieve | participle | Mohawks = mohawk not said here | by death | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 8 | fire | hemlock coals | nom fire «event transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kulóskap the master, and other Algonkin poems», Project Gutenberg book 78673 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg78673/2/46/