Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5, sentence 57
In the more ancient times, such records were rhymed and alliterated, and committed to memory--a practice which, we may believe on the authority of Caesar, treating of the Gauls, continued long after the introduction of letters.
Who acts: we · What happens: rhyme, alliterate, believe, treat, continue, introduce · To what, where: such records, practice, authority, letters
This is a sentence of «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Early Bardic Literature, Ireland., part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 5 times | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 times | det |
| 3 | more | more | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 4 ancient | advmod |
| 4 | ancient | ancient | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 times | amod |
| 5 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 rhymed | obl |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 times | punct |
| 7 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 records | amod |
| 8 | records | record | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 rhymed | nsubj |
| 9 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 rhymed | aux:pass |
| 10 | rhymed | rhyme | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 alliterated | cc |
| 12 | alliterated | alliterate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 rhymed | conj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 committed | punct |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 committed | cc |
| 15 | committed | committed | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 rhymed | conj |
| 16 | to | to | ADP | _ | 17 memory | case |
| 17 | memory | memory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 committed | obl |
| 18 | -- | -- | PUNCT | _ | 20 practice | punct |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 practice | det |
| 20 | practice | practice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 memory | appos |
| 21 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 25 believe | obj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 which | punct |
| 23 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 25 believe | nsubj |
| 24 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 25 believe | aux |
| 25 | believe | believe | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 20 practice | acl:relcl |
| 26 | on | on | ADP | _ | 28 authority | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 authority | det |
| 28 | authority | authority | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 believe | obl |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 Caesar | case |
| 30 | Caesar | Caesar | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 authority | nmod |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 treating | punct |
| 32 | treating | treat | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 25 believe | advcl |
| 33 | of | of | ADP | _ | 35 Gauls | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 Gauls | det |
| 35 | Gauls | Gaul | PROPN | Number=Plur | 32 treating | obl |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 continued | punct |
| 37 | continued | continue | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 rhymed | parataxis |
| 38 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 37 continued | advmod |
| 39 | after | after | ADP | _ | 41 introduction | case |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 introduction | det |
| 41 | introduction | introduction | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 continued | obl |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 43 letters | case |
| 43 | letters | letter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 introduction | nmod |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 rhymed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rhyme | past · passive | such records | time | vn amalgamate-22.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 2 | alliterate | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | believe | may | we | a practice | the authority of Caesar | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer which=Stimulus | |||
| 4 | treat | gerund | we not said here | of the Gauls | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | continue | past | after the introduction of letters | long property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | introduce | letters | nom introduction «act transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Early Bardic Literature, Ireland.» by Standish O'Grady, Project Gutenberg book 8109 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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