Legends of the Northwest, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3, sentence 98
[Footnote 26: The Dakotas believe that the _Aurora Borealis_ is an evil omen and the threatening of an evil spirit, (perhaps Wazíya, the Winter-god--some say a witch, or a very ugly old woman).
Who acts: Dakotas, Aurora, Wazíya, some · What happens: believe, be, god, say · To what, where: Footnote, evil omen, witch · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, In the Measure of Hiawatha, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dakotas, Aurora, Wazíya, some), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | [ | [ | PUNCT | _ | 2 Footnote | punct |
| 2 | Footnote | footnote | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 3 | 26 | 26 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 2 Footnote | flat |
| 4 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 7 believe | punct |
| 5 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 Dakotas | det |
| 6 | Dakotas | dakota | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 believe | nsubj |
| 7 | believe | believe | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 Footnote | acl:relcl |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 17 omen | mark |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 omen | det |
| 10 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 17 omen | punct |
| 11 | Aurora | Aurora | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 omen | nsubj |
| 12 | Borealis | Borealis | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 Aurora | flat |
| 13 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 11 Aurora | punct |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 omen | cop |
| 15 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 17 omen | det |
| 16 | evil | evil | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 omen | amod |
| 17 | omen | omen | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 believe | ccomp |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 threatening | cc |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 threatening | det |
| 20 | threatening | threatening | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 omen | conj |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 spirit | case |
| 22 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 24 spirit | det |
| 23 | evil | evil | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 spirit | amod |
| 24 | spirit | spirit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 threatening | nmod |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 god | punct |
| 26 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 33 god | punct |
| 27 | perhaps | perhaps | ADV | _ | 33 god | advmod |
| 28 | Wazíya | Wazíya | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 god | nsubj |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 god | punct |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 god | det |
| 31 | Winter | Winter | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 god | compound |
| 32 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 31 Winter | punct |
| 33 | god | god | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 omen | appos |
| 34 | -- | -- | PUNCT | _ | 36 say | punct |
| 35 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 36 say | nsubj |
| 36 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 god | parataxis |
| 37 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 witch | det |
| 38 | witch | witch | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 say | obj |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 45 woman | punct |
| 40 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 45 woman | cc |
| 41 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 45 woman | det |
| 42 | very | very | ADV | _ | 43 ugly | advmod |
| 43 | ugly | ugly | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 45 woman | amod |
| 44 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 45 woman | amod |
| 45 | woman | woman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 witch | appos |
| 46 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 45 woman | punct |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 Footnote | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | believe | present | the Dakotas | Footnote not said here | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer footnote=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | is a | present | Aurora | the evil omen and the threatening of a evil spirit | the threatening of a evil spirit conj | tree rules | |||
| 3 | god | Wazíya | perhaps property | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | say speech: assert | present | some | a witch | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent witch=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Legends of the Northwest» by Hanford Lennox Gordon, Project Gutenberg book 8122 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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