In Ghostly Japan, Opening, sentence 137
Altogether three classes of perfumes are employed in Buddhist rites: _kō_, or incense-proper, in many varieties—(the word literally means only “fragrant substance”);—_dzukō_, an odorous ointment; and _makkō_, a fragrant powder.
Who acts: word · What happens: employ, mean · To what, where: three classes, Buddhist rites, fragrant substance
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (word), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Altogether | altogether | ADV | _ | 2 three | advmod |
| 2 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 3 classes | nummod |
| 3 | classes | class | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 employed | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 perfumes | case |
| 5 | perfumes | perfume | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 classes | nmod |
| 6 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 employed | aux:pass |
| 7 | employed | employ | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 rites | case |
| 9 | Buddhist | buddhist | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 rites | amod |
| 10 | rites | rite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 employed | obl |
| 11 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 13 kō | punct |
| 12 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 13 kō | punct |
| 13 | kō | kō | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 rites | appos |
| 14 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 13 kō | punct |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 proper | punct |
| 16 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 19 proper | cc |
| 17 | incense | incense | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 proper | compound |
| 18 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 17 incense | punct |
| 19 | proper | proper | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 employed | parataxis |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 varieties | punct |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 23 varieties | case |
| 22 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 varieties | amod |
| 23 | varieties | variety | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 proper | parataxis |
| 24 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 29 means | punct |
| 25 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 29 means | punct |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 word | det |
| 27 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 means | nsubj |
| 28 | literally | literally | ADV | _ | 29 means | advmod |
| 29 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 varieties | parataxis |
| 30 | only | only | ADV | _ | 33 substance | advmod |
| 31 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 substance | punct |
| 32 | fragrant | fragrant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 substance | amod |
| 33 | substance | substance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 means | obl |
| 34 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 substance | punct |
| 35 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 33 substance | punct |
| 36 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 7 employed | punct |
| 37 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 39 dzukō | punct |
| 38 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 39 dzukō | punct |
| 39 | dzukō | dzukō | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 employed | obl |
| 40 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 39 dzukō | punct |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 ointment | punct |
| 42 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 44 ointment | det |
| 43 | odorous | odorous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 ointment | amod |
| 44 | ointment | ointment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 dzukō | conj |
| 45 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 48 makkō | punct |
| 46 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 48 makkō | cc |
| 47 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 48 makkō | punct |
| 48 | makkō | makkō | X | Foreign=Yes | 39 dzukō | appos |
| 49 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 48 makkō | punct |
| 50 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 53 powder | punct |
| 51 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 53 powder | det |
| 52 | fragrant | fragrant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 53 powder | amod |
| 53 | powder | powder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 dzukō | conj |
| 54 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 employed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | employ | present · passive | three classes of perfumes | Buddhist rites | dzukō and a odorous ointment and a fragrant powder obl | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||
| 2 | mean | present | the word | fragrant substance | literally property | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/1/137/