In Ghostly Japan, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2, sentence 123
[60] That which has been done never can be undone: the past cannot be recalled.—This proverb is an abbreviation of the longer Buddhist text: _Rakkwa éda ni kaerazu; ha-kyō futatabi terasazu:_ “The fallen blossom never returns to the branch; the shattered mirror never again reflects.”
Who acts: proverb, fallen blossom, shattered mirror · What happens: do, not undo, not recall, be, fall, not return · To what, where: 60, past, abbreviation · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Morning Awakening After a Night’s Rest in a Temple, part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (proverb, fallen blossom, shattered mirror), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | [ | [ | PUNCT | _ | 2 60 | punct |
| 2 | 60 | 60 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 12 undone | obl |
| 3 | ] | ] | PUNCT | _ | 2 60 | punct |
| 4 | That | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 2 60 | advmod |
| 5 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 done | obj |
| 6 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 done | aux |
| 7 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 8 done | aux:pass |
| 8 | done | do | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 undone | advcl |
| 9 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 12 undone | advmod |
| 10 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 undone | aux |
| 11 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 12 undone | aux:pass |
| 12 | undone | undo | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 13 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 19 recalled | punct |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 past | det |
| 15 | past | past | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 recalled | nsubj:pass |
| 16 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 19 recalled | aux |
| 17 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 19 recalled | advmod |
| 18 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 19 recalled | aux:pass |
| 19 | recalled | recall | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 undone | advcl |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 19 recalled | punct |
| 21 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 26 abbreviation | punct |
| 22 | This | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 23 proverb | det |
| 23 | proverb | proverb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 abbreviation | nsubj |
| 24 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 abbreviation | cop |
| 25 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 abbreviation | det |
| 26 | abbreviation | abbreviation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 undone | obl |
| 27 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 text | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 text | det |
| 29 | longer | long | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 31 text | advmod |
| 30 | Buddhist | Buddhist | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 text | compound |
| 31 | text | text | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 abbreviation | nmod |
| 32 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 35 éda | punct |
| 33 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 35 éda | punct |
| 34 | Rakkwa | Rakkwa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 éda | compound |
| 35 | éda | éda | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 abbreviation | conj |
| 36 | ni | ni | X | Foreign=Yes | 35 éda | dep |
| 37 | kaerazu | kaerazu | X | Foreign=Yes | 35 éda | conj |
| 38 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 42 futatabi | punct |
| 39 | ha | ha | X | _ | 42 futatabi | compound |
| 40 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 39 ha | punct |
| 41 | kyō | kyō | X | _ | 42 futatabi | compound |
| 42 | futatabi | futatabi | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 abbreviation | conj |
| 43 | terasazu | terasazu | X | Foreign=Yes | 42 futatabi | flat:foreign |
| 44 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 51 returns | punct |
| 45 | _ | _ | PUNCT | _ | 51 returns | punct |
| 46 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 51 returns | punct |
| 47 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 49 blossom | det |
| 48 | fallen | fall | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 49 blossom | amod |
| 49 | blossom | blossom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 returns | nsubj |
| 50 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 51 returns | advmod |
| 51 | returns | return | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 42 futatabi | parataxis |
| 52 | to | to | ADP | _ | 54 branch | case |
| 53 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 54 branch | det |
| 54 | branch | branch | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 returns | obl |
| 55 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 61 reflects | punct |
| 56 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 58 mirror | det |
| 57 | shattered | shattered | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 58 mirror | amod |
| 58 | mirror | mirror | NOUN | Number=Sing | 61 reflects | nsubj |
| 59 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 60 again | advmod |
| 60 | again | again | ADV | _ | 61 reflects | advmod |
| 61 | reflects | reflect | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 undone | parataxis |
| 62 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 61 reflects | punct |
| 63 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 61 reflects | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | do | present · perfect · passive | which obj | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: which=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | not undo | can · passive | 60 | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | not recall | can · passive | the past | vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 4 | is a | present | this proverb | a abbreviation and Rakkwa éda and ha kyō futatabi | of the Buddhist text; Rakkwa éda conj; ha kyō futatabi conj | tree rules | |||
| 5 | fall in a quote | participle | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 6 | not return in a quote | present | the fallen blossom | to the branch result | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Patient to branch=Result | ||||
| 7 | reflect in a quote | present | the shattered mirror | again; never | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/25/123/