In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu[1], sentence 173
For as I listened to that wild tide of the Suruga coast, I could distinguish nearly every sound of fear known to man: not merely noises of battle tremendous,—of interminable volleying,—of immeasurable charging,—but the roaring of beasts, the crackling and hissing of fire, the rumbling of earthquake, the thunder of ruin, and, above all these, a clamor continual as of shrieks and smothered shoutings,—the Voices that are said to be the voices of the drowned., Awfulness supreme of tumult,—combining all imaginable echoings of fury and destruction and despair!
Who acts: I, noises, Suruga coast, battle, beasts, earthquake · What happens: listen, distinguish, know, volley, smother, say · To what, where: sound, fear, shoutings, these, Voices, imaginable echoings · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, noises, Suruga coast, battle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | For | for | SCONJ | _ | 4 listened | mark |
| 2 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 4 listened | mark |
| 3 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 4 listened | nsubj |
| 4 | listened | listen | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 distinguish | advcl |
| 5 | to | to | ADP | _ | 8 tide | case |
| 6 | that | that | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 8 tide | det |
| 7 | wild | wild | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 tide | amod |
| 8 | tide | tide | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 listened | obl |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 coast | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 coast | det |
| 11 | Suruga | Suruga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 coast | compound |
| 12 | coast | coast | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 tide | nmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 listened | punct |
| 14 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 16 distinguish | nsubj |
| 15 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 16 distinguish | aux |
| 16 | distinguish | distinguish | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 17 | nearly | nearly | ADV | _ | 19 sound | advmod |
| 18 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 19 sound | det |
| 19 | sound | sound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 distinguish | obj |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 21 fear | case |
| 21 | fear | fear | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 sound | nmod |
| 22 | known | know | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 21 fear | acl |
| 23 | to | to | ADP | _ | 24 man | case |
| 24 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 known | obl |
| 25 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 28 noises | punct |
| 26 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 28 noises | advmod |
| 27 | merely | merely | ADV | _ | 28 noises | advmod |
| 28 | noises | noise | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 distinguish | obl |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 battle | case |
| 30 | battle | battle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 noises | nmod |
| 31 | tremendous | tremendous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 battle | amod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 volleying | punct |
| 33 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 36 volleying | punct |
| 34 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 36 volleying | mark |
| 35 | interminable | interminable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 volleying | amod |
| 36 | volleying | volley | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 28 noises | acl |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 charging | punct |
| 38 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 41 charging | punct |
| 39 | of | of | ADP | _ | 41 charging | case |
| 40 | immeasurable | immeasurable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 charging | amod |
| 41 | charging | charging | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 noises | appos |
| 42 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 charging | punct |
| 43 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 46 roaring | punct |
| 44 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 46 roaring | cc |
| 45 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 46 roaring | det |
| 46 | roaring | roaring | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 distinguish | parataxis |
| 47 | of | of | ADP | _ | 48 beasts | case |
| 48 | beasts | beast | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 roaring | nmod |
| 49 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 51 crackling | punct |
| 50 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 crackling | det |
| 51 | crackling | crackling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 roaring | conj |
| 52 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 53 hissing | cc |
| 53 | hissing | hissing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 crackling | conj |
| 54 | of | of | ADP | _ | 55 fire | case |
| 55 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 hissing | nmod |
| 56 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 58 rumbling | punct |
| 57 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 58 rumbling | det |
| 58 | rumbling | rumbling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 roaring | conj |
| 59 | of | of | ADP | _ | 60 earthquake | case |
| 60 | earthquake | earthquake | NOUN | Number=Sing | 58 rumbling | nmod |
| 61 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 63 thunder | punct |
| 62 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 63 thunder | det |
| 63 | thunder | thunder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 roaring | conj |
| 64 | of | of | ADP | _ | 65 ruin | case |
| 65 | ruin | ruin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 63 thunder | nmod |
| 66 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 80 smothered | punct |
| 67 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 80 smothered | cc |
| 68 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 71 these | punct |
| 69 | above | above | ADP | _ | 71 these | case |
| 70 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 71 these | det:predet |
| 71 | these | this | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 80 smothered | obl |
| 72 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 74 clamor | punct |
| 73 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 74 clamor | det |
| 74 | clamor | clamor | NOUN | Number=Sing | 71 these | appos |
| 75 | continual | continual | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 74 clamor | amod |
| 76 | as | as | ADP | ExtPos=ADP | 78 shrieks | case |
| 77 | of | of | ADP | _ | 76 as | fixed |
| 78 | shrieks | shriek | NOUN | Number=Plur | 75 continual | obl |
| 79 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 80 smothered | cc |
| 80 | smothered | smother | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 distinguish | parataxis |
| 81 | shoutings | shouting | NOUN | Number=Plur | 80 smothered | obj |
| 82 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 85 Voices | punct |
| 83 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 85 Voices | punct |
| 84 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 85 Voices | det |
| 85 | Voices | voice | NOUN | Number=Plur | 81 shoutings | conj |
| 86 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 88 said | nsubj:pass |
| 87 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 88 said | aux:pass |
| 88 | said | say | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 85 Voices | acl:relcl |
| 89 | to | to | PART | _ | 92 voices | mark |
| 90 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 92 voices | cop |
| 91 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 92 voices | det |
| 92 | voices | voice | NOUN | Number=Plur | 88 said | obj |
| 93 | of | of | ADP | _ | 99 supreme | case |
| 94 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 99 supreme | det |
| 95 | drowned | drown | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 99 supreme | amod |
| 96 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 95 drowned | punct |
| 97 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 95 drowned | punct |
| 98 | Awfulness | awfulness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 99 supreme | compound |
| 99 | supreme | supreme | NOUN | Number=Sing | 92 voices | nmod |
| 100 | of | of | ADP | _ | 101 tumult | case |
| 101 | tumult | tumult | NOUN | Number=Sing | 99 supreme | nmod |
| 102 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 104 combining | punct |
| 103 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 104 combining | punct |
| 104 | combining | combine | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 80 smothered | advcl |
| 105 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 107 echoings | det |
| 106 | imaginable | imaginable | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 107 echoings | amod |
| 107 | echoings | echoing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 104 combining | obj |
| 108 | of | of | ADP | _ | 109 fury | case |
| 109 | fury | fury | NOUN | Number=Sing | 107 echoings | nmod |
| 110 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 111 destruction | cc |
| 111 | destruction | destruction | NOUN | Number=Sing | 109 fury | conj |
| 112 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 113 despair | cc |
| 113 | despair | despair | NOUN | Number=Sing | 109 fury | conj |
| 114 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 16 distinguish | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | listen | past | I | to that wild tide of the Suruga coast | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to tide=Theme | ||||
| 2 | distinguish | could | I | every sound of fear | noises of battle obl; the roaring of beasts and the crackling and hissing of fire and the rumbling of earthquake and the thunder of ruin parataxis | vn distinguish-23.5-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Attribute sound=Theme | |||
| 3 | know | participle | fear not said here | to man | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 4 | volley | gerund | noises of battle not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | smother | past | shoutings and the Voices | these | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme shouting=Destination | ||||
| 6 | say speech: assert | present · passive | the Voices | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic | |||||
| 7 | is a | to-infinitive | the voices | of the drowned Awfulness supreme of tumult | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | drown | participle | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 9 | combine | gerund | all imaginable echoings of fury and destruction and despair | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent echoing=Patient | |||||
| 10 | tide | the Suruga coast | nom tide «event intransitive»: of=agent | ||||||
| 11 | noise | battle | nom noise «event intransitive»: of=agent | ||||||
| 12 | roar | beasts | nom roaring «event intransitive»: of=agent | ||||||
| 13 | hiss | fire | nom hissing «event transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 14 | rumble | earthquake | nom rumbling «event intransitive»: of=agent | ||||||
| 15 | thunder | ruin | nom thunder «event intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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