In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 7, sentence 72
There are gleams in our darkness,—faint auroral wakenings of Love and Pity and Sympathy and Magnanimity: these are selfless and true;—these are eternal and divine;—these are the Four Infinite Feelings in whose after-glow all forms and illusions will vanish, like mists in the light of the sun. But, except in so far as we wake to these feelings, we are dreamers indeed,—moaning unaided in darkness,—tortured by shadowy horror.
Who acts: gleams, these, forms, we, Love · What happens: be, glow, vanish, wake, moan, torture · To what, where: darkness, Four Infinite Feelings, mists, light, dreamers, sun.
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 7. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (gleams, these, forms, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | There | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 2 are | expl |
| 2 | are | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | gleams | gleam | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 are | nsubj |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 darkness | case |
| 5 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 darkness | nmod:poss |
| 6 | darkness | darkness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 are | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 wakenings | punct |
| 8 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 11 wakenings | punct |
| 9 | faint | faint | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 wakenings | amod |
| 10 | auroral | auroral | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 wakenings | amod |
| 11 | wakenings | wakening | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 are | nsubj |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 Love | case |
| 13 | Love | love | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 wakenings | nmod |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 Pity | cc |
| 15 | Pity | pity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 wakenings | conj |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 Sympathy | cc |
| 17 | Sympathy | Sympathy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 Pity | conj |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 Magnanimity | cc |
| 19 | Magnanimity | magnanimity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 Pity | conj |
| 20 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 23 selfless | punct |
| 21 | these | this | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 23 selfless | nsubj |
| 22 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 selfless | cop |
| 23 | selfless | selfless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 wakenings | parataxis |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 true | cc |
| 25 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 selfless | conj |
| 26 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 eternal | punct |
| 27 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 30 eternal | punct |
| 28 | these | this | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 30 eternal | nsubj |
| 29 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 30 eternal | cop |
| 30 | eternal | eternal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 selfless | conj |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 divine | cc |
| 32 | divine | divine | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 eternal | conj |
| 33 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 2 are | punct |
| 34 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 40 Feelings | punct |
| 35 | these | this | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 40 Feelings | nsubj |
| 36 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 40 Feelings | cop |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 Feelings | det |
| 38 | Four | four | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 40 Feelings | nummod |
| 39 | Infinite | infinite | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 Feelings | amod |
| 40 | Feelings | feeling | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 are | parataxis |
| 41 | in | in | SCONJ | _ | 45 glow | mark |
| 42 | whose | whose | PRON | Poss=Yes PronType=Rel | 45 glow | nmod:poss |
| 43 | after | after | SCONJ | _ | 45 glow | mark |
| 44 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 43 after | punct |
| 45 | glow | glow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 40 Feelings | acl |
| 46 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 47 forms | det |
| 47 | forms | form | NOUN | Number=Plur | 51 vanish | nsubj |
| 48 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 49 illusions | cc |
| 49 | illusions | illusion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 47 forms | conj |
| 50 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 51 vanish | aux |
| 51 | vanish | vanish | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 45 glow | ccomp |
| 52 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 54 mists | punct |
| 53 | like | like | ADP | _ | 54 mists | case |
| 54 | mists | mist | NOUN | Number=Plur | 51 vanish | obj |
| 55 | in | in | ADP | _ | 57 light | case |
| 56 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 57 light | det |
| 57 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 54 mists | nmod |
| 58 | of | of | ADP | _ | 60 sun. | case |
| 59 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 60 sun. | det |
| 60 | sun. | sun. | NOUN | Number=Sing | 57 light | nmod |
| 61 | But | but | CCONJ | _ | 76 dreamers | cc |
| 62 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 61 But | punct |
| 63 | except | except | ADP | _ | 66 far | mark |
| 64 | in | in | ADP | _ | 66 far | case |
| 65 | so | so | ADV | _ | 66 far | advmod |
| 66 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 76 dreamers | advcl |
| 67 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 69 wake | mark |
| 68 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 69 wake | nsubj |
| 69 | wake | wake | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 66 far | advcl |
| 70 | to | to | ADP | _ | 72 feelings | case |
| 71 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 72 feelings | det |
| 72 | feelings | feeling | NOUN | Number=Plur | 69 wake | obl |
| 73 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 66 far | punct |
| 74 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 76 dreamers | nsubj |
| 75 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 76 dreamers | cop |
| 76 | dreamers | dreamer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 glow | conj |
| 77 | indeed | indeed | ADV | _ | 45 glow | advmod |
| 78 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 80 moaning | punct |
| 79 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 80 moaning | punct |
| 80 | moaning | moan | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 40 Feelings | conj |
| 81 | unaided | unaided | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 80 moaning | xcomp |
| 82 | in | in | ADP | _ | 83 darkness | case |
| 83 | darkness | darkness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 81 unaided | obl |
| 84 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 86 tortured | punct |
| 85 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 86 tortured | punct |
| 86 | tortured | torture | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 40 Feelings | acl |
| 87 | by | by | ADP | _ | 89 horror | case |
| 88 | shadowy | shadowy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 89 horror | amod |
| 89 | horror | horror | NOUN | Number=Sing | 86 tortured | obl |
| 90 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 are | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | does | present | gleams | our darkness; there | faint auroral wakenings of Love and Pity and Sympathy and Magnanimity nsubj | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in darkness=Location | |||
| 2 | is | present | these | selfless property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | be | these not said here | tree rules | ||||||
| 4 | is | present | these | eternal property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | be | these not said here | tree rules | ||||||
| 6 | is a | present | these | the Four Infinite Feelings | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | glow | infinitive | the Four Infinite Feelings nmod:poss; indeed property | tree rules | |||||
| 8 | vanish | future | all forms and illusions | mists | the light of the sun. | tree rules | |||
| 9 | wake | present | we | to this feelings | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 10 | is a | present | we | dreamers | tree rules | ||||
| 11 | moan | gerund | these not said here | unaided property | vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 12 | torture | participle | the Four Infinite Feelings not said here | by shadowy horror | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 13 | waken | Love | nom wakening «act intransitive»: of=agent | ||||||
| 14 | light | the sun. | nom light «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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