Afghanistan, sentence 355

From Wikipedia, «Afghanistan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and India, with which a friendship treaty was signed in 1950.

Who acts: Afghanistan, Soviet Union · What happens: have, recognize, provide, include, sign · To what, where: strong relations, independence, 1919, much aid, signing, 1921

This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Afghanistan». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Afghanistan, Soviet Union), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Historically	historically	ADV	_	4 had	advmod
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Historically	punct
3	Afghanistan	Afghanistan	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 had	nsubj
4	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 relations	amod
6	relations	relation	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 had	obj
7	with	with	ADP	_	8 Germany	case
8	Germany	Germany	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 relations	nmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 one	punct
10	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 relations	appos
11	of	of	ADP	_	14 countries	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 countries	det
13	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	14 countries	amod
14	countries	country	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 one	nmod
15	to	to	PART	_	16 recognize	mark
16	recognize	recognize	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 countries	acl
17	Afghanistan	Afghanistan	PROPN	Number=Sing	19 independence	nmod:poss
18	's	's	PART	_	17 Afghanistan	case
19	independence	independence	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 recognize	obj
20	in	in	ADP	_	21 1919	case
21	1919	1919	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	16 recognize	obl
22	;	;	PUNCT	_	25 Union	punct
23	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 Union	det
24	Soviet	Soviet	PROPN	Number=Sing	25 Union	compound
25	Union	Union	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 had	obl
26	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 provided	punct
27	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	28 provided	nsubj
28	provided	provide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	25 Union	acl:relcl
29	much	much	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 aid	amod
30	aid	aid	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 provided	obj
31	and	and	CCONJ	_	33 training	cc
32	military	military	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 training	amod
33	training	training	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 aid	conj
34	for	for	ADP	_	37 forces	case
35	Afghanistan	Afghanistan	PROPN	Number=Sing	37 forces	nmod:poss
36	's	's	PART	_	35 Afghanistan	case
37	forces	force	NOUN	Number=Plur	33 training	nmod
38	and	and	CCONJ	_	39 includes	cc
39	includes	include	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	28 provided	conj
40	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	41 signing	det
41	signing	signing	NOUN	Number=Sing	39 includes	obj
42	of	of	ADP	_	44 Treaty	case
43	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	44 Treaty	det
44	Treaty	Treaty	PROPN	Number=Sing	41 signing	nmod
45	of	of	ADP	_	46 Friendship	case
46	Friendship	Friendship	PROPN	Number=Sing	44 Treaty	nmod
47	in	in	ADP	_	48 1921	case
48	1921	1921	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	39 includes	obl
49	and	and	CCONJ	_	50 1978	cc
50	1978	1978	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	48 1921	conj
51	;	;	PUNCT	_	53 India	punct
52	and	and	CCONJ	_	53 India	cc
53	India	India	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 had	obl
54	,	,	PUNCT	_	61 signed	punct
55	with	with	ADP	_	56 which	case
56	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	61 signed	obl
57	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	59 treaty	det
58	friendship	friendship	NOUN	Number=Sing	59 treaty	compound
59	treaty	treaty	NOUN	Number=Sing	61 signed	nsubj
60	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	61 signed	aux:pass
61	signed	sign	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	53 India	acl:relcl
62	in	in	ADP	_	63 1950	case
63	1950	1950	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	61 signed	obl
64	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 had	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	have	past	Afghanistan	strong relations		with Germany; the Soviet Union obl; India obl; historically property	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent relation=Patient
2	recognize	to-infinitive	Afghanistan not said here	Afghanistan's independence	1919		vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer independence=Stimulus
3	provide	past	the Soviet Union	much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces			vn ensure-99 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition aid=Theme
4	include	present	the Soviet Union not said here	the signing of a Treaty of Friendship		in 1921 goal	vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent signing=Theme in 1921=Goal
5	sign	past · passive		a friendship treaty	1950	with India	vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: subject=Theme in 1950=Destination
6	sign			a Treaty of Friendship			nom signing «communication transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: the English Wikipedia, «Afghanistan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Afghanistan/355/

🌲 Afghanistan, sentence 355

The tree

Pragmatics

Afghanistan, sentence 355