Afghanistan, sentence 74
From Wikipedia, «Afghanistan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
By the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni had defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively Islamized the wider region, with the exception of Kafiristan.
What happens: defeat, remain, islamiz, except · To what, where: Mahmud, wider region, Kafiristan
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Afghanistan». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | ADP | _ | 4 century | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 century | det |
| 3 | 11th | 11th | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 century | amod |
| 4 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 defeated | obl |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 century | punct |
| 6 | Mahmud | Mahmud | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 defeated | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 Ghazni | case |
| 8 | Ghazni | Ghazni | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 Mahmud | nmod |
| 9 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 defeated | aux |
| 10 | defeated | defeat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 rulers | det |
| 12 | remaining | remain | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 14 rulers | amod |
| 13 | Hindu | hindu | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 rulers | amod |
| 14 | rulers | ruler | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 defeated | obj |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 Islamized | cc |
| 16 | effectively | effectively | ADV | _ | 17 Islamized | advmod |
| 17 | Islamized | islamiz | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 defeated | conj |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 region | det |
| 19 | wider | wide | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 20 region | amod |
| 20 | region | region | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 Islamized | obj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 exception | punct |
| 22 | with | with | ADP | _ | 24 exception | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 exception | det |
| 24 | exception | exception | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 Islamized | parataxis |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 Kafiristan | case |
| 26 | Kafiristan | Kafiristan | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 exception | nmod |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 defeated | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | defeat | past · perfect · passive | Mahmud of Ghazni | century | the remaining Hindu rulers obj | tree rules | |||
| 2 | remain | gerund | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 3 | islamiz | participle | the wider region | the exception of Kafiristan parataxis; effectively property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | except | Kafiristan | nom exception «cognition transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Afghanistan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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