Antananarivo, sentence 255
From Wikipedia, «Antananarivo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
The CUA continues to be challenged by a shortage of revenues relative to its expenses caused by the high cost of retaining a large number of CUA personnel, weak structures for managing revenues from public rents and inadequate collection of tax revenues from city residents and businesses.
Who acts: CUA, high cost, weak structures · What happens: continue, challenge, relative, cause, retain, manage · To what, where: expenses, large number, revenues, public rents
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Antananarivo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (CUA, high cost, weak structures), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 CUA | det |
| 2 | CUA | CUA | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 continues | nsubj |
| 3 | continues | continue | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | PART | _ | 6 challenged | mark |
| 5 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 6 challenged | aux:pass |
| 6 | challenged | challenge | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 continues | xcomp |
| 7 | by | by | ADP | _ | 9 shortage | case |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 shortage | det |
| 9 | shortage | shortage | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 relative | obl |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 revenues | case |
| 11 | revenues | revenue | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 shortage | nmod |
| 12 | relative | relative | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 challenged | parataxis |
| 13 | to | to | ADP | _ | 15 expenses | case |
| 14 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 expenses | nmod:poss |
| 15 | expenses | expense | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 relative | obl |
| 16 | caused | cause | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 expenses | acl |
| 17 | by | by | ADP | _ | 20 cost | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 cost | det |
| 19 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 cost | amod |
| 20 | cost | cost | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 caused | obl |
| 21 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 22 retaining | mark |
| 22 | retaining | retain | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 20 cost | acl |
| 23 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 number | det |
| 24 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 number | amod |
| 25 | number | number | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 retaining | obj |
| 26 | of | of | ADP | _ | 28 personnel | case |
| 27 | CUA | CUA | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 personnel | compound |
| 28 | personnel | personnel | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 number | nmod |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 structures | punct |
| 30 | weak | weak | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 structures | amod |
| 31 | structures | structure | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 expenses | conj |
| 32 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 33 managing | mark |
| 33 | managing | manage | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 31 structures | acl |
| 34 | revenues | revenue | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 managing | obj |
| 35 | from | from | ADP | _ | 37 rents | case |
| 36 | public | public | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 rents | amod |
| 37 | rents | rent | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 managing | obl |
| 38 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 collection | cc |
| 39 | inadequate | inadequate | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 collection | amod |
| 40 | collection | collection | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 rents | conj |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 43 revenues | case |
| 42 | tax | tax | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 revenues | compound |
| 43 | revenues | revenue | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 collection | nmod |
| 44 | from | from | ADP | _ | 46 residents | case |
| 45 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 residents | compound |
| 46 | residents | resident | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 managing | obl |
| 47 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 48 businesses | cc |
| 48 | businesses | business | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 residents | conj |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 continues | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | continue | present | the CUA | vn continue-55.3 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | challenge | to-infinitive · passive | the CUA not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | relative | present | by a shortage of revenues; to corruption's expenses and weak structures | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | cause | participle | corruption's expenses and weak structures not said here | by the high cost | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition | ||||
| 5 | retain | gerund | the high cost not said here | a large number of CUA personnel | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | manage | gerund | weak structures not said here | revenues | public rents and inadequate collection of tax revenues | from city residents and businesses | vn caring-75.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent revenue=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Antananarivo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Antananarivo/255/