Australia, sentence 108
From Wikipedia, «Australia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Pre-colonial land interests (referred to as native title in Australia) were recognised in law for the first time when the High Court of Australia held in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) that Australia was not terra nullius at the time of European settlement.
Who acts: High Court, Australia · What happens: refer, recognise, hold, not be · To what, where: Pre-colonial land interests, law, Mabo, terra nullius
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Australia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (High Court, Australia), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pre-colonial | pre-colonial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 interests | amod |
| 2 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 interests | compound |
| 3 | interests | interest | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 recognised | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 5 referred | punct |
| 5 | referred | refer | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 interests | acl |
| 6 | to | to | ADP | _ | 5 referred | obl |
| 7 | as | as | ADP | _ | 9 title | case |
| 8 | native | native | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 title | amod |
| 9 | title | title | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 referred | obl |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 Australia | case |
| 11 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 title | nmod |
| 12 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 5 referred | punct |
| 13 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 recognised | aux:pass |
| 14 | recognised | recognise | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 law | case |
| 16 | law | law | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 recognised | obl |
| 17 | for | for | ADP | _ | 20 time | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 time | det |
| 19 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 20 time | amod |
| 20 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 recognised | obl |
| 21 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 27 held | advmod |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 Court | det |
| 23 | High | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 Court | amod |
| 24 | Court | Court | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 held | nsubj |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 Australia | case |
| 26 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 Court | nmod |
| 27 | held | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 recognised | advcl |
| 28 | in | in | ADP | _ | 29 Mabo | case |
| 29 | Mabo | Mabo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 held | obl |
| 30 | v | v | ADP | _ | 31 Queensland | case |
| 31 | Queensland | Queensland | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 held | obl |
| 32 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 34 2 | punct |
| 33 | No | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 34 2 | det |
| 34 | 2 | 2 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 31 Queensland | appos |
| 35 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 34 2 | punct |
| 36 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 41 nullius | mark |
| 37 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 41 nullius | nsubj |
| 38 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 41 nullius | cop |
| 39 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 41 nullius | advmod |
| 40 | terra | terra | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 nullius | compound |
| 41 | nullius | nullius | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 held | advcl |
| 42 | at | at | ADP | _ | 44 time | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 time | det |
| 44 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 nullius | nmod |
| 45 | of | of | ADP | _ | 47 settlement | case |
| 46 | European | European | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 47 settlement | amod |
| 47 | settlement | settlement | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 time | nmod |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 14 recognised | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | refer | participle | Pre-colonial land interests not said here | as native title in Australia | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | recognise | past · passive | Pre-colonial land interests | law | time | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus | |||
| 3 | hold | past | the High Court of Australia | Mabo | v Queensland | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in mabo=Location | |||
| 4 | not is a | past | Australia | terra nullius | time | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Australia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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