Benin, sentence 157
From Wikipedia, «Benin», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
For instance, the mid vowels written é, è, ô, o in French are written e, ɛ, o, ɔ in Beninese languages, whereas the consonants that are written ng and sh or ch in English are written ŋ and c. Digraphs are used for nasal vowels and the labial-velar consonants kp and gb, as in the name of the Fon language Fon gbe /fõ ɡ͡be/, and diacritics are used as tone marks.
Who acts: mid vowels · What happens: write, be, use, name · To what, where: written e, consonants, ŋ, diacritics, Fon language
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Benin». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mid vowels), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | For | for | ADP | _ | 2 instance | case |
| 2 | instance | instance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 e | obl |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 instance | punct |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 vowels | det |
| 5 | mid | mid | ADJ | _ | 6 vowels | amod |
| 6 | vowels | vowel | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 e | nsubj |
| 7 | written | write | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 é | amod |
| 8 | é | é | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 vowels | appos |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 è | punct |
| 10 | è | è | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 é | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 ô | punct |
| 12 | ô | ô | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 é | conj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 o | punct |
| 14 | o | o | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 vowels | conj |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 French | case |
| 16 | French | French | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 o | nmod |
| 17 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 e | cop |
| 18 | written | write | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 e | amod |
| 19 | e | e | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 ɛ | punct |
| 21 | ɛ | ɛ | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 e | conj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 ɔ | punct |
| 23 | o | o | INTJ | _ | 25 ɔ | discourse |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 ɔ | punct |
| 25 | ɔ | ɔ | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 e | conj |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 languages | case |
| 27 | Beninese | beninese | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 languages | amod |
| 28 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 ɔ | nmod |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 consonants | punct |
| 30 | whereas | whereas | SCONJ | _ | 32 consonants | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 consonants | det |
| 32 | consonants | consonant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 written | nsubj:pass |
| 33 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 35 written | nsubj:pass |
| 34 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 35 written | aux:pass |
| 35 | written | write | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 32 consonants | acl:relcl |
| 36 | ng | ng | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 written | obj |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 sh | cc |
| 38 | sh | sh | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 ng | conj |
| 39 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 40 ch | cc |
| 40 | ch | ch | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 ng | conj |
| 41 | in | in | ADP | _ | 42 English | case |
| 42 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 40 ch | nmod |
| 43 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 44 written | aux:pass |
| 44 | written | write | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 e | parataxis |
| 45 | ŋ | ŋ | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 used | nsubj:pass |
| 46 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 48 Digraphs | cc |
| 47 | c. | c. | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 Digraphs | compound |
| 48 | Digraphs | digraph | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 ŋ | conj |
| 49 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 50 used | aux:pass |
| 50 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 44 written | conj |
| 51 | for | for | ADP | _ | 53 vowels | case |
| 52 | nasal | nasal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 53 vowels | amod |
| 53 | vowels | vowel | NOUN | Number=Plur | 50 used | obl |
| 54 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 60 kp | cc |
| 55 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 60 kp | det |
| 56 | labial | labial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 58 velar | amod |
| 57 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 56 labial | punct |
| 58 | velar | velar | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 59 consonants | amod |
| 59 | consonants | consonant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 60 kp | compound |
| 60 | kp | kp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 vowels | conj |
| 61 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 62 gb | cc |
| 62 | gb | gb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 kp | conj |
| 63 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 67 name | punct |
| 64 | as | as | ADP | _ | 67 name | case |
| 65 | in | in | ADP | _ | 67 name | case |
| 66 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 67 name | det |
| 67 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 60 kp | conj |
| 68 | of | of | ADP | _ | 71 language | case |
| 69 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 71 language | det |
| 70 | Fon | Fon | PROPN | Number=Sing | 71 language | compound |
| 71 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 67 name | nmod |
| 72 | Fon | Fon | PROPN | Number=Sing | 71 language | appos |
| 73 | gbe | gbe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 71 language | conj |
| 74 | / | / | SYM | _ | 75 fõ | cc |
| 75 | fõ | fõ | NOUN | Number=Sing | 73 gbe | conj |
| 76 | ɡ͡be | ɡ͡be | NOUN | Number=Sing | 73 gbe | conj |
| 77 | / | / | PUNCT | _ | 76 ɡ͡be | punct |
| 78 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 82 used | punct |
| 79 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 82 used | cc |
| 80 | diacritics | diacritic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 82 used | nsubj:pass |
| 81 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 82 used | aux:pass |
| 82 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 44 written | conj |
| 83 | as | as | ADP | _ | 85 marks | case |
| 84 | tone | tone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 85 marks | compound |
| 85 | marks | mark | NOUN | Number=Plur | 82 used | obl |
| 86 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 19 e | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | write | participle | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 2 | write | participle | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | is a | present | the mid vowels and o in French | written e and ɛ and ɔ in Beninese languages | for instance; ɛ conj; ɔ in Beninese languages conj | tree rules | |||
| 4 | write | present · passive | the consonants | ng and sh or ch in English obj | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient ng=Topic | ||||
| 5 | write | present · passive | the consonants | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 6 | use | present · passive | ŋ and c. Digraphs | for nasal vowels and the consonants kp and gb and the name of the Fon language and gbe / fõ and ɡ͡be | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for vowel=Eventuality | ||||
| 7 | use | present · passive | diacritics | as tone marks | vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as mark=Attribute | ||||
| 8 | name | the Fon language and gbe / fõ and ɡ͡be | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Benin», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Benin/157/