Bern, sentence 16
From Wikipedia, «Bern», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German.
What happens: consider, name, know · To what, where: city, Verona, High German
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Bern». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 considered | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 considered | aux |
| 3 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 5 considered | advmod |
| 4 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 considered | aux:pass |
| 5 | considered | consider | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | likely | likely | ADV | _ | 5 considered | advmod |
| 7 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 11 named | mark |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 city | det |
| 9 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 named | nsubj:pass |
| 10 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 named | aux:pass |
| 11 | named | name | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 considered | advcl |
| 12 | after | after | ADP | _ | 15 city | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 city | det |
| 14 | Italian | Italian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 city | amod |
| 15 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 named | obl |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 Verona | case |
| 17 | Verona | Verona | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 city | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 known | punct |
| 19 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 24 known | obj |
| 20 | at | at | ADP | _ | 22 time | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 time | det |
| 22 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 known | obl |
| 23 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 known | aux:pass |
| 24 | known | know | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 17 Verona | parataxis |
| 25 | as | as | ADP | _ | 26 Bern | case |
| 26 | Bern | Bern | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 known | obl |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 30 German | case |
| 28 | Middle | Middle | PROPN | Number=Sing | 29 High | compound |
| 29 | High | High | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 German | compound |
| 30 | German | German | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 known | obl |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 considered | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | consider | present · perfect · passive | city | likely, long property | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute | ||||
| 2 | name | past · passive | the city | after the Italian city of Verona | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 3 | know | past · passive | Verona | High German | time | as Bern | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: which=Stimulus as bern=Attribute |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Bern», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bern/16/