Botswana, sentence 127
From Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion in the country.
Who acts: communal grazing · What happens: use, be, accelerate · To what, where: major cause
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Botswana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (communal grazing), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Approximately | approximately | ADV | _ | 10 used | advmod |
| 2 | 71 | 71 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 3 % | nummod |
| 3 | % | % | SYM | Number=Sing | 10 used | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 land | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 country | det |
| 6 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 land | nmod:poss |
| 7 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 6 country | case |
| 8 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 % | nmod |
| 9 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 used | aux:pass |
| 10 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 11 | for | for | ADP | _ | 13 grazing | case |
| 12 | communal | communal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 grazing | amod |
| 13 | grazing | grazing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 used | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 cause | punct |
| 15 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 cause | nsubj |
| 16 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 cause | aux |
| 17 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 20 cause | cop |
| 18 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 cause | det |
| 19 | major | major | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 cause | amod |
| 20 | cause | cause | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 grazing | appos |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 desertification | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 desertification | det |
| 23 | desertification | desertification | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 cause | nmod |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 28 erosion | cc |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 erosion | det |
| 26 | accelerating | accelerate | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 28 erosion | amod |
| 27 | soil | soil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 erosion | compound |
| 28 | erosion | erosion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 desertification | conj |
| 29 | in | in | ADP | _ | 31 country | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 country | det |
| 31 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 erosion | nmod |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 used | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | present · passive | for communal grazing; approximately property | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for grazing=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | is a | present · perfect | communal grazing | a major cause | of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion in the country | tree rules | |||
| 3 | accelerate | gerund | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/127/