Botswana, sentence 29
From Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
These proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in Zimbabwe as well as to the Mapungubwe state.
What happens: connect · To what, where: proto Kalanga, Zimbabwe
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Botswana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | These | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 4 Kalanga | det |
| 2 | proto | proto | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 Kalanga | amod |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 2 proto | punct |
| 4 | Kalanga | Kalanga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 connected | nsubj:pass |
| 5 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 connected | aux:pass |
| 6 | closely | closely | ADV | _ | 7 connected | advmod |
| 7 | connected | connect | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | to | to | ADP | _ | 9 states | case |
| 9 | states | state | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 connected | obl |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 Zimbabwe | case |
| 11 | Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 connected | obl |
| 12 | as | as | ADV | ExtPos=CCONJ | 18 state | cc |
| 13 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 12 as | fixed |
| 14 | as | as | ADP | _ | 12 as | fixed |
| 15 | to | to | ADP | _ | 12 as | fixed |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 state | det |
| 17 | Mapungubwe | Mapungubwe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 state | compound |
| 18 | state | state | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 connected | conj |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 connected | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | connect | past · passive | this proto Kalanga | Zimbabwe | to states; the Mapungubwe state conj; closely property | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient to state=Co-Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/29/