Botswana, sentence 57
From Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade and used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana.
Who acts: Bakwena · What happens: cooperate, control, use, proceed, import, enable · To what, where: lucrative ivory trade, horses, turn, control, Botswana
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Botswana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bakwena), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 Bakwena | det |
| 2 | Bakwena | Bakwena | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 used | nsubj |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 Bangwaketse | punct |
| 4 | Bangwaketse | Bangwaketse | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Bakwena | conj |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 Bangwato | punct |
| 6 | Bangwato | Bangwato | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Bakwena | conj |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 Batawana | cc |
| 8 | Batawana | Batawana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Bakwena | conj |
| 9 | cooperated | cooperate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 17 used | parataxis |
| 10 | to | to | PART | _ | 11 control | mark |
| 11 | control | control | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 cooperated | xcomp |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 trade | det |
| 13 | lucrative | lucrative | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 trade | amod |
| 14 | ivory | ivory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 trade | compound |
| 15 | trade | trade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 control | obj |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 used | cc |
| 17 | used | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 proceeds | det |
| 19 | proceeds | proceed | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 used | parataxis |
| 20 | to | to | PART | _ | 21 import | mark |
| 21 | import | import | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 19 proceeds | xcomp |
| 22 | horses | horse | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 import | obj |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 guns | cc |
| 24 | guns | gun | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 horses | conj |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 enabled | punct |
| 26 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 29 enabled | obj |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 turn | case |
| 28 | turn | turn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 enabled | obl |
| 29 | enabled | enable | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 22 horses | conj |
| 30 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 29 enabled | obj |
| 31 | to | to | PART | _ | 32 establish | mark |
| 32 | establish | establish | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 29 enabled | advcl |
| 33 | control | control | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 establish | obj |
| 34 | over | over | ADP | _ | 35 what | case |
| 35 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Rel | 33 control | nmod |
| 36 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 38 Botswana | cop |
| 37 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 38 Botswana | advmod |
| 38 | Botswana | Botswana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 what | acl:relcl |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 17 used | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cooperate | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 2 | control | to-infinitive | the lucrative ivory trade | vn enforce-63 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trade=Theme | |||||
| 3 | use | past | the Bakwena and Bangwaketse and Bangwato and Batawana | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | proceed | present | vn begin-55.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||||
| 5 | import | to-infinitive | horses and guns | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horse=Theme | |||||
| 6 | enable | past | horses and guns | turn | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | establish | to-infinitive | control | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent control=Patient | |||||
| 8 | is a | present | Botswana | now | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/57/