Burkina Faso, sentence 346
From Wikipedia, «Burkina Faso», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure.
Who acts: Challenges · What happens: remain, pay, rely, expand · To what, where: infrastructure
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Burkina Faso». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Challenges), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Challenges | challenge | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 remain | nsubj |
| 2 | remain | remain | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 difficulties | punct |
| 4 | including | including | ADP | _ | 5 difficulties | case |
| 5 | difficulties | difficulty | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 remain | obl |
| 6 | among | among | ADP | _ | 8 customers | case |
| 7 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 8 customers | det |
| 8 | customers | customer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 difficulties | nmod |
| 9 | in | in | SCONJ | _ | 10 paying | mark |
| 10 | paying | pay | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 remain | advcl |
| 11 | for | for | ADP | _ | 12 services | case |
| 12 | services | service | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 paying | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 need | punct |
| 14 | with | with | ADP | _ | 16 need | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 need | det |
| 16 | need | need | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 remain | parataxis |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 rely | mark |
| 18 | rely | rely | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 16 need | acl |
| 19 | on | on | ADP | _ | 21 aid | case |
| 20 | international | international | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 aid | amod |
| 21 | aid | aid | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 rely | obl |
| 22 | to | to | PART | _ | 23 expand | mark |
| 23 | expand | expand | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 rely | advcl |
| 24 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 infrastructure | nmod:poss |
| 25 | infrastructure | infrastructure | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 expand | obj |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 remain | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | remain | present | Challenges | including difficulties among some customers; the need parataxis | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | pay | gerund | Challenges not said here | for services | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for service=Theme | ||||
| 3 | rely | to-infinitive | Challenges not said here | on international aid | vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent on aid=Theme | ||||
| 4 | expand | to-infinitive | Challenges not said here | aid's infrastructure | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent infrastructure=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Burkina Faso», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Burkina_Faso/346/