Cairo, sentence 131
From Wikipedia, «Cairo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind Constantinople, and, although migration was not the primary source of Cairo's growth, twenty percent of its population at the end of the 18th century consisted of religious minorities and foreigners from around the Mediterranean.
Who acts: city, migration, Cairo · What happens: be, not be, consist, grow · To what, where: empire, primary source, 18th century, Mediterranean
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Cairo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city, migration, Cairo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 city | det |
| 2 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 largest | nsubj |
| 3 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 largest | cop |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 largest | det |
| 5 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 7 largest | amod |
| 6 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 7 largest | punct |
| 7 | largest | large | ADJ | Degree=Sup | root | root |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 empire | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 empire | det |
| 10 | empire | empire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 largest | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 Constantinople | punct |
| 12 | behind | behind | ADP | _ | 13 Constantinople | case |
| 13 | Constantinople | Constantinople | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 largest | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 source | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 source | cc |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 source | punct |
| 17 | although | although | SCONJ | _ | 23 source | mark |
| 18 | migration | migration | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 source | nsubj |
| 19 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 source | cop |
| 20 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 23 source | advmod |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 source | det |
| 22 | primary | primary | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 source | amod |
| 23 | source | source | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 largest | conj |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 27 growth | case |
| 25 | Cairo | Cairo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 growth | nmod:poss |
| 26 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 25 Cairo | case |
| 27 | growth | growth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 source | nmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 percent | punct |
| 29 | twenty | twenty | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 30 percent | nummod |
| 30 | percent | percent | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 source | appos |
| 31 | of | of | ADP | _ | 33 population | case |
| 32 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 33 population | nmod:poss |
| 33 | population | population | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 percent | nmod |
| 34 | at | at | ADP | _ | 36 end | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 end | det |
| 36 | end | end | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 population | nmod |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 40 century | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 century | det |
| 39 | 18th | 18th | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord | 40 century | amod |
| 40 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 end | nmod |
| 41 | consisted | consist | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 40 century | acl |
| 42 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 minorities | case |
| 43 | religious | religious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 minorities | amod |
| 44 | minorities | minority | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 consisted | obl |
| 45 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 46 foreigners | cc |
| 46 | foreigners | foreigner | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 minorities | conj |
| 47 | from | from | ADP | _ | 50 Mediterranean | case |
| 48 | around | around | ADP | _ | 50 Mediterranean | case |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 Mediterranean | det |
| 50 | Mediterranean | Mediterranean | PROPN | Number=Sing | 41 consisted | obl |
| 51 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 largest | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | the city | the empire | behind Constantinople; large property | tree rules | |||
| 2 | not is a | past | migration | the primary source | of Cairo's growth; twenty percent of migration's population at the end of the 18th century appos | tree rules | |||
| 3 | consist | participle | the 18th century not said here | the Mediterranean | of religious minorities and foreigners | tree rules | |||
| 4 | grow | Cairo | nom growth «process intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Cairo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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