Eritrea, sentence 405
From Wikipedia, «Eritrea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
While Italian, the former colonial language, holds no government-recognised status in Eritrea, it is spoken by a few monolinguals and in commerce at times, and Asmara had the Scuola Italiana di Asmara, an Italian government-operated school that was shut down in 2020.
Who acts: Italian, few monolinguals, Asmara · What happens: hold, recognise, speak, have, operate, shut down · To what, where: recognised status, Eritrea, language, di Asmara, Italian operated school, 2020 · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Eritrea». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Italian, few monolinguals, Asmara), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | While | while | SCONJ | _ | 9 holds | mark |
| 2 | Italian | Italian | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 holds | nsubj |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 language | punct |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 language | det |
| 5 | former | former | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 language | amod |
| 6 | colonial | colonial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 language | amod |
| 7 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 Italian | appos |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 Italian | punct |
| 9 | holds | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 spoken | advcl |
| 10 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 14 status | det |
| 11 | government | government | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 recognised | compound |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 11 government | punct |
| 13 | recognised | recognise | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 14 status | amod |
| 14 | status | status | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 holds | obj |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 Eritrea | case |
| 16 | Eritrea | Eritrea | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 status | nmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 holds | punct |
| 18 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 spoken | nsubj:pass |
| 19 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 spoken | aux:pass |
| 20 | spoken | speak | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 21 | by | by | ADP | _ | 24 monolinguals | case |
| 22 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 24 monolinguals | det |
| 23 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 monolinguals | amod |
| 24 | monolinguals | monolingual | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 spoken | obl |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 commerce | cc |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 27 commerce | case |
| 27 | commerce | commerce | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 monolinguals | conj |
| 28 | at | at | ADP | _ | 29 times | case |
| 29 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 spoken | obl |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 had | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 had | cc |
| 32 | Asmara | Asmara | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 had | nsubj |
| 33 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 spoken | parataxis |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 Asmara | det |
| 35 | Scuola | Scuola | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 Italiana | compound |
| 36 | Italiana | Italiana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 di | compound |
| 37 | di | DI | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 Asmara | compound |
| 38 | Asmara | Asmara | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 had | obj |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 45 school | punct |
| 40 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 45 school | det |
| 41 | Italian | Italian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 45 school | amod |
| 42 | government | government | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 operated | compound |
| 43 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 42 government | punct |
| 44 | operated | operate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 45 school | amod |
| 45 | school | school | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 Asmara | appos |
| 46 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 48 shut | nsubj:pass |
| 47 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 48 shut | aux:pass |
| 48 | shut | shut | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 45 school | acl:relcl |
| 49 | down | down | ADP | _ | 48 shut | compound:prt |
| 50 | in | in | ADP | _ | 51 2020 | case |
| 51 | 2020 | 2020 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 48 shut | obl |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 20 spoken | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hold | present | Italian | no recognised status | Eritrea | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent status=Theme in eritrea=Location | |||
| 2 | recognise | participle | government compound | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 3 | speak speech: other | present · passive | a few monolinguals and commerce | language | time | tree rules | |||
| 4 | have | past | Asmara | the di Asmara | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent asmara=Patient | ||||
| 5 | operate | participle | government compound | vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | shut down | past · passive | a Italian operated school | 2020 | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Eritrea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Eritrea/405/