Hanoi, sentence 27
From Wikipedia, «Hanoi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi as Luqin (لوكين), a term derived from Longbian (Middle Chinese: Ljowng-pen), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.
Who acts: Muslim traders · What happens: refer, derive, use, mention · To what, where: 12th century, Hanoi, term, Vietnamese, Arab manuscripts
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Hanoi». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Muslim traders), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arab | Arab | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 manuscripts | amod |
| 2 | manuscripts | manuscript | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 3 | between | between | ADP | _ | 5 9th | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 9th | det |
| 5 | 9th | 9th | NOUN | Number=Sing NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord | 2 manuscripts | nmod |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 century | cc |
| 7 | 12th | 12th | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord | 8 century | amod |
| 8 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 9th | conj |
| 9 | referred | refer | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 century | acl |
| 10 | to | to | ADP | _ | 11 Hanoi | case |
| 11 | Hanoi | Hanoi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 referred | obl |
| 12 | as | as | ADP | _ | 13 Luqin | case |
| 13 | Luqin | Luqin | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 referred | obl |
| 14 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 15 لوكين | punct |
| 15 | لوكين | لوكين | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 Luqin | appos |
| 16 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 15 لوكين | punct |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 term | punct |
| 18 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 term | det |
| 19 | term | term | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 manuscripts | appos |
| 20 | derived | derive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 term | acl |
| 21 | from | from | ADP | _ | 22 Longbian | case |
| 22 | Longbian | Longbian | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 derived | obl:agent |
| 23 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 25 Chinese | punct |
| 24 | Middle | Middle | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 Chinese | compound |
| 25 | Chinese | Chinese | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 Longbian | appos |
| 26 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 29 pen | punct |
| 27 | Ljowng | Ljowng | PROPN | Number=Sing | 29 pen | compound |
| 28 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 27 Ljowng | punct |
| 29 | pen | pen | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 manuscripts | appos |
| 30 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 29 pen | punct |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 used | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 used | cc |
| 33 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 used | aux:pass |
| 34 | originally | originally | ADV | _ | 35 used | advmod |
| 35 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 manuscripts | conj |
| 36 | by | by | ADP | _ | 38 traders | case |
| 37 | Muslim | Muslim | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 traders | amod |
| 38 | traders | trader | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 used | obl:agent |
| 39 | to | to | PART | _ | 40 mention | mark |
| 40 | mention | mention | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 35 used | advcl |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 Vietnamese | det |
| 42 | Vietnamese | Vietnamese | PROPN | Number=Sing | 40 mention | obj |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 manuscripts | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | refer | participle | 12th century not said here | Hanoi | as Luqin | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to hanoi=Co-Theme | |||
| 2 | derive | participle | a term not said here | Longbian obl:agent | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | use | past · passive | Muslim traders | originally property | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | mention speech: other | to-infinitive | Muslim traders not said here | the Vietnamese | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent vietnamese=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Hanoi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Hanoi/27/