Italy, sentence 245
From Wikipedia, «Italy», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
The fauna of Italy includes 4,777 endemic animal species, which include the Sardinian long-eared bat, Sardinian red deer, spectacled salamander, brown cave salamander, Italian newt, Italian frog, Apennine yellow-bellied toad, Italian wall lizard, and Sicilian pond turtle.
Who acts: fauna, 4,777 endemic animal species, Sardinian, Apennine · What happens: include, bat, belly, toad · To what, where: 4,777 endemic animal species
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Italy». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (fauna, 4,777 endemic animal species, Sardinian, Apennine), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 fauna | det |
| 2 | fauna | fauna | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 includes | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 Italy | case |
| 4 | Italy | Italy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 fauna | nmod |
| 5 | includes | include | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | 4,777 | 4,777 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 9 species | nummod |
| 7 | endemic | endemic | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 species | compound |
| 8 | animal | animal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 species | compound |
| 9 | species | species | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 includes | obj |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 include | punct |
| 11 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 include | nsubj |
| 12 | include | include | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 species | parataxis |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 bat | det |
| 14 | Sardinian | Sardinian | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 bat | nsubj |
| 15 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 bat | amod |
| 16 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 15 long | punct |
| 17 | eared | eared | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 bat | amod |
| 18 | bat | bat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 include | obj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 deer | punct |
| 20 | Sardinian | Sardinian | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 deer | compound |
| 21 | red | red | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 deer | amod |
| 22 | deer | deer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 bat | conj |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 salamander | punct |
| 24 | spectacled | spectacled | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 salamander | amod |
| 25 | salamander | salamander | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 deer | appos |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 salamander | punct |
| 27 | brown | brown | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 salamander | amod |
| 28 | cave | cave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 salamander | compound |
| 29 | salamander | salamander | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 bat | parataxis |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 newt | punct |
| 31 | Italian | Italian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 newt | amod |
| 32 | newt | newt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 salamander | appos |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 frog | punct |
| 34 | Italian | Italian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 frog | amod |
| 35 | frog | frog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 newt | conj |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 toad | punct |
| 37 | Apennine | Apennine | PROPN | Number=Sing | 41 toad | nsubj |
| 38 | yellow | yellow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 toad | amod |
| 39 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 38 yellow | punct |
| 40 | bellied | belly | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 41 toad | amod |
| 41 | toad | toad | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 newt | appos |
| 42 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 45 lizard | punct |
| 43 | Italian | Italian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 45 lizard | amod |
| 44 | wall | wall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 lizard | compound |
| 45 | lizard | lizard | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 toad | conj |
| 46 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 turtle | punct |
| 47 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 50 turtle | cc |
| 48 | Sicilian | Sicilian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 50 turtle | amod |
| 49 | pond | pond | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 turtle | compound |
| 50 | turtle | turtle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 species | conj |
| 51 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 includes | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | include | present | the fauna of Italy | 4,777 endemic animal species and Sicilian pond turtle | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent species=Theme | ||||
| 2 | include | present | 4,777 endemic animal species and Sicilian pond turtle | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | bat | Sardinian | Sardinian red deer conj; brown cave salamander parataxis | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | belly | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 5 | toad | Apennine | Italian wall lizard conj | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Italy», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/245/