Jamaica, sentence 73

From Wikipedia, «Jamaica», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

By the beginning of the 19th century, Jamaica's dependence on slave labour and a plantation economy had resulted in black people outnumbering white people by a ratio of almost 20 to 1.

Who acts: dependence, black people · What happens: result, outnumber, begin · To what, where: white people, 19th century

This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Jamaica». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dependence, black people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	3 beginning	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 beginning	det
3	beginning	beginning	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 resulted	obl
4	of	of	ADP	_	7 century	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 century	det
6	19th	19th	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord	7 century	amod
7	century	century	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 beginning	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 dependence	punct
9	Jamaica	Jamaica	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 dependence	nmod:poss
10	's	's	PART	_	9 Jamaica	case
11	dependence	dependence	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 resulted	nsubj
12	on	on	ADP	_	14 labour	case
13	slave	slave	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 labour	compound
14	labour	labour	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 dependence	nmod
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 economy	cc
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 economy	det
17	plantation	plantation	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 economy	compound
18	economy	economy	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 labour	conj
19	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	20 resulted	aux
20	resulted	result	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	root	root
21	in	in	ADP	_	23 people	case
22	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 people	amod
23	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 resulted	obl:agent
24	outnumbering	outnumber	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	23 people	acl
25	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 people	amod
26	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	24 outnumbering	obj
27	by	by	ADP	_	29 ratio	case
28	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	29 ratio	det
29	ratio	ratio	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 outnumbering	obl
30	of	of	ADP	_	32 20	case
31	almost	almost	ADV	_	32 20	advmod
32	20	20	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	29 ratio	nmod
33	to	to	ADP	_	34 1	case
34	1	1	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	32 20	nmod
35	.	.	PUNCT	_	20 resulted	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	result	past · perfect	Jamaica's dependence on slave labour and a plantation economy		by the beginning of the 19th century	black people obl:agent	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by beginning=Location
2	outnumber	gerund	black people not said here	white people		by a ratio of 20 to 1	vn exceed-90 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot people=Theme
3	begin			the 19th century			nom beginning «event transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: the English Wikipedia, «Jamaica», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Jamaica/73/

🌲 Jamaica, sentence 73

The tree

Pragmatics

Jamaica, sentence 73