Kenya, sentence 71
From Wikipedia, «Kenya», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Many historians had long believed that the city-states were established by Arab or Persian traders, but archaeological evidence has led scholars to recognise the city-states as an indigenous development which, though subjected to foreign influence due to trade, retained a Bantu cultural core.
Who acts: Arab traders, archaeological evidence, indigenous development · What happens: believe, establish, lead, recognise, subject, retain · To what, where: Many historians, city states, archaeological evidence, Bantu cultural core · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Kenya». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Arab traders, archaeological evidence, indigenous development), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 historians | amod |
| 2 | historians | historian | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 believed | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 believed | aux |
| 4 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 5 believed | advmod |
| 5 | believed | believe | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 12 established | mark |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 states | det |
| 8 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 states | compound |
| 9 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 8 city | punct |
| 10 | states | state | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 established | nsubj |
| 11 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 established | aux:pass |
| 12 | established | establish | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 believed | ccomp |
| 13 | by | by | ADP | _ | 17 traders | case |
| 14 | Arab | Arab | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 traders | amod |
| 15 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 16 Persian | cc |
| 16 | Persian | persian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 Arab | conj |
| 17 | traders | trader | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 established | obl:agent |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 led | punct |
| 19 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 23 led | cc |
| 20 | archaeological | archaeological | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 evidence | amod |
| 21 | evidence | evidence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 led | nsubj:pass |
| 22 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 led | aux |
| 23 | led | lead | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 believed | conj |
| 24 | scholars | scholar | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 led | obj |
| 25 | to | to | PART | _ | 26 recognise | mark |
| 26 | recognise | recognise | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 23 led | xcomp |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 states | det |
| 28 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 states | compound |
| 29 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 28 city | punct |
| 30 | states | state | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 recognise | obj |
| 31 | as | as | ADP | _ | 34 development | case |
| 32 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 development | det |
| 33 | indigenous | indigenous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 development | amod |
| 34 | development | development | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 recognise | obl |
| 35 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 46 retained | nsubj |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 46 retained | punct |
| 37 | though | though | SCONJ | _ | 46 retained | mark |
| 38 | subjected | subject | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 37 though | acl |
| 39 | to | to | ADP | _ | 41 influence | case |
| 40 | foreign | foreign | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 influence | amod |
| 41 | influence | influence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 subjected | obl |
| 42 | due | due | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP | 44 trade | case |
| 43 | to | to | ADP | _ | 42 due | fixed |
| 44 | trade | trade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 subjected | obl |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 46 retained | punct |
| 46 | retained | retain | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 development | acl:relcl |
| 47 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 50 core | det |
| 48 | Bantu | Bantu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 50 core | compound |
| 49 | cultural | cultural | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 50 core | amod |
| 50 | core | core | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 retained | obj |
| 51 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 believed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | believe | past · perfect · passive | Many historians | long property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | establish | past · passive | Arab traders | the city states | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient | ||||
| 3 | lead | present · perfect · passive | archaeological evidence | scholars obj | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | recognise | to-infinitive | archaeological evidence not said here | the city states | as a indigenous development | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer state=Stimulus as development=Attribute | |||
| 5 | subject | participle | to foreign influence; due trade | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | retain | past | a indigenous development | a Bantu cultural core | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Kenya», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kenya/71/