Kinshasa, sentence 182

From Wikipedia, «Kinshasa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

This region forms a natural amphitheater shaped by river erosion processes, which have been exacerbated by anthropogenic activities, often resulting in significant environmental degradation.

Who acts: region, anthropogenic activities · What happens: form, shape, exacerbate, result · To what, where: natural amphitheater, river erosion processes, significant environmental degradation

This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Kinshasa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (region, anthropogenic activities), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	This	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	2 region	det
2	region	region	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 forms	nsubj
3	forms	form	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 amphitheater	det
5	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 amphitheater	amod
6	amphitheater	amphitheater	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 forms	obj
7	shaped	shape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 amphitheater	acl
8	by	by	ADP	_	11 processes	case
9	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 processes	compound
10	erosion	erosion	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 processes	compound
11	processes	process	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 shaped	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 exacerbated	punct
13	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	16 exacerbated	nsubj:pass
14	have	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	16 exacerbated	aux
15	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	16 exacerbated	aux:pass
16	exacerbated	exacerbate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 processes	conj
17	by	by	ADP	_	19 activities	case
18	anthropogenic	anthropogenic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 activities	amod
19	activities	activity	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 exacerbated	obl
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 resulting	punct
21	often	often	ADV	_	22 resulting	advmod
22	resulting	result	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	16 exacerbated	advcl
23	in	in	ADP	_	26 degradation	case
24	significant	significant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 degradation	amod
25	environmental	environmental	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 degradation	amod
26	degradation	degradation	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 resulting	obl
27	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 forms	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	form	present	this region	a natural amphitheater			vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location amphitheater=Theme
2	shape	participle		a natural amphitheater not said here		by river erosion processes	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
3	exacerbate	present · perfect · passive	anthropogenic activities	river erosion processes			vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient
4	result	gerund	anthropogenic activities not said here		significant environmental degradation	often property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in degradation=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: the English Wikipedia, «Kinshasa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kinshasa/182/

🌲 Kinshasa, sentence 182

The tree

Pragmatics

Kinshasa, sentence 182