Kosovo, sentence 12
From Wikipedia, «Kosovo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments.
Who acts: Ottoman expansion, various ethnicities · What happens: lead, fight, consider · To what, where: led coalition, Battle
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Kosovo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ottoman expansion, various ethnicities), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ottoman | ottoman | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 expansion | amod |
| 2 | expansion | expansion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 led | nsubj |
| 3 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 Balkans | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 Balkans | det |
| 5 | Balkans | Balkan | PROPN | Number=Plur | 2 expansion | nmod |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 14th | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 14th | det |
| 8 | late | late | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 14th | amod |
| 9 | 14th | 14th | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 Balkans | nmod |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 centuries | cc |
| 11 | 15th | 15th | NOUN | Number=Sing NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord | 12 centuries | compound |
| 12 | centuries | century | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 14th | conj |
| 13 | led | lead | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 14 | to | to | ADP | _ | 16 decline | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 decline | det |
| 16 | decline | decline | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 led | obl |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 fall | cc |
| 18 | fall | fall | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 decline | conj |
| 19 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 Empire | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 Empire | det |
| 21 | Serbian | serbian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 Empire | amod |
| 22 | Empire | Empire | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 fall | nmod |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 25 Battle | punct |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 Battle | det |
| 25 | Battle | Battle | PROPN | Number=Sing | 48 considered | nsubj:pass |
| 26 | of | of | ADP | _ | 27 Kosovo | case |
| 27 | Kosovo | Kosovo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 Battle | nmod |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 1389 | case |
| 29 | 1389 | 1389 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 25 Battle | nmod |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 coalition | punct |
| 31 | in | in | ADP | _ | 32 which | case |
| 32 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 37 coalition | obl |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 37 coalition | det |
| 34 | Serbian | serbian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 led | compound |
| 35 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 34 Serbian | punct |
| 36 | led | lead | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 37 coalition | amod |
| 37 | coalition | coalition | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 Battle | appos |
| 38 | of | of | ADP | _ | 40 ethnicities | case |
| 39 | various | various | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 ethnicities | amod |
| 40 | ethnicities | ethnicity | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 fought | nsubj |
| 41 | fought | fight | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 37 coalition | acl:relcl |
| 42 | against | against | ADP | _ | 45 Empire | case |
| 43 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 45 Empire | det |
| 44 | Ottoman | Ottoman | PROPN | Number=Sing | 45 Empire | compound |
| 45 | Empire | Empire | PROPN | Number=Sing | 41 fought | obl |
| 46 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 Battle | punct |
| 47 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 48 considered | aux:pass |
| 48 | considered | consider | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 13 led | parataxis |
| 49 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 48 considered | xcomp |
| 50 | of | of | ADP | _ | 53 moments | case |
| 51 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 53 moments | det |
| 52 | defining | defining | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 53 moments | amod |
| 53 | moments | moment | NOUN | Number=Plur | 49 one | nmod |
| 54 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 led | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lead | past | Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries | to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to decline=Patient | ||||
| 2 | lead | participle | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition | ||||||
| 3 | fight | past | various ethnicities | a led coalition in the Battle of Kosovo of 1389 not said here | against the Ottoman Empire | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coalition=Co-Agent | |||
| 4 | consider | present · passive | the Battle of Kosovo of 1389 | one of the defining moments xcomp | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Kosovo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/12/