Lesotho, sentence 107
From Wikipedia, «Lesotho», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Scholars of comparative politics, like in Jeffrey Herbst's "War and the State of Africa", argue that the lack of border disputes for countries like Lesotho and Eswatini has kept the countries weak politically.
Who acts: Scholars, Jeffrey Herbst · What happens: argue, keep, war, lack · To what, where: lack, border disputes · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Lesotho». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Scholars, Jeffrey Herbst), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Scholars | scholar | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 argue | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 politics | case |
| 3 | comparative | comparative | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 politics | amod |
| 4 | politics | politics | NOUN | Number=Ptan | 1 Scholars | nmod |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 War | punct |
| 6 | like | like | ADP | _ | 12 War | case |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 War | case |
| 8 | Jeffrey | Jeffrey | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 Herbst | compound |
| 9 | Herbst | Herbst | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 War | nmod:poss |
| 10 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 9 Herbst | case |
| 11 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 12 War | punct |
| 12 | War | war | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Scholars | nmod |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 State | cc |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 State | det |
| 15 | State | State | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 War | conj |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 Africa | case |
| 17 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 State | nmod |
| 18 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 State | punct |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 argue | punct |
| 20 | argue | argue | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 21 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 34 kept | mark |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 lack | det |
| 23 | lack | lack | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 kept | nsubj:pass |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 disputes | case |
| 25 | border | border | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 disputes | compound |
| 26 | disputes | dispute | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 lack | nmod |
| 27 | for | for | ADP | _ | 28 countries | case |
| 28 | countries | country | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 disputes | nmod |
| 29 | like | like | ADP | _ | 30 Lesotho | case |
| 30 | Lesotho | Lesotho | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 countries | nmod |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 Eswatini | cc |
| 32 | Eswatini | Eswatini | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 Lesotho | conj |
| 33 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 kept | aux |
| 34 | kept | keep | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 argue | ccomp |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 countries | det |
| 36 | countries | country | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 kept | obj |
| 37 | weak | weak | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 kept | xcomp |
| 38 | politically | politically | ADV | _ | 34 kept | advmod |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 20 argue | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | argue speech: disagree | present | Scholars of comparative politics like Jeffrey Herbst's War and the State of Africa | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | keep | present · perfect · passive | the lack of border disputes for countries like Lesotho and Eswatini | the countries obj; politically, weak property | vn sustain-55.6-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Theme country=Attribute | ||||
| 3 | war in a quote | Jeffrey Herbst | nom war «act intransitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 4 | lack | border disputes for countries like Lesotho and Eswatini | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Lesotho», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lesotho/107/