Madagascar, sentence 75
From Wikipedia, «Madagascar», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Prior to 1600, only the north of the island was integrated into Indian Ocean trade; but in the mid-to late-16th century, European merchants (vazaha; "foreigners") began using the newly-named St. Augustine Bay in the southwest as a stopping point and traded with the communities there.
Who acts: mid-to · What happens: integrate, begin, use, name, trade · To what, where: north, named Augustine Bay, southwest
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Madagascar». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mid-to), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Prior | prior | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP | 12 integrated | mark |
| 2 | to | to | ADP | _ | 3 1600 | case |
| 3 | 1600 | 1600 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 1 Prior | obl |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 integrated | punct |
| 5 | only | only | ADV | _ | 7 north | advmod |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 north | det |
| 7 | north | north | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 integrated | nsubj:pass |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 island | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 island | det |
| 10 | island | island | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 north | nmod |
| 11 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 integrated | aux:pass |
| 12 | integrated | integrate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 13 | into | into | ADP | _ | 16 trade | case |
| 14 | Indian | Indian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 trade | amod |
| 15 | Ocean | Ocean | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 trade | compound |
| 16 | trade | trade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 integrated | obl |
| 17 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 36 began | punct |
| 18 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 36 began | cc |
| 19 | in | in | ADP | _ | 21 mid-to | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 mid-to | det |
| 21 | mid-to | mid-to | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 began | nsubj |
| 22 | late | late | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 century | amod |
| 23 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 22 late | punct |
| 24 | 16th | 16th | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord | 25 century | amod |
| 25 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 mid-to | appos |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 merchants | punct |
| 27 | European | European | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 merchants | amod |
| 28 | merchants | merchant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 century | conj |
| 29 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 30 vazaha | punct |
| 30 | vazaha | vazaha | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 merchants | appos |
| 31 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 33 foreigners | punct |
| 32 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 foreigners | punct |
| 33 | foreigners | foreigner | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 vazaha | appos |
| 34 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 foreigners | punct |
| 35 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 30 vazaha | punct |
| 36 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 integrated | parataxis |
| 37 | using | use | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 36 began | xcomp |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 Bay | det |
| 39 | newly | newly | ADV | _ | 41 named | advmod |
| 40 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 39 newly | punct |
| 41 | named | name | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 44 Bay | amod |
| 42 | St. | St. | PROPN | Number=Sing | 44 Bay | nmod:desc |
| 43 | Augustine | Augustine | PROPN | Number=Sing | 44 Bay | compound |
| 44 | Bay | Bay | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 using | obj |
| 45 | in | in | ADP | _ | 47 southwest | case |
| 46 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 47 southwest | det |
| 47 | southwest | southwest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 using | obl |
| 48 | as | as | ADP | _ | 51 point | case |
| 49 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 51 point | det |
| 50 | stopping | stopping | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 point | compound |
| 51 | point | point | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 using | obl |
| 52 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 53 traded | cc |
| 53 | traded | trade | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 36 began | conj |
| 54 | with | with | ADP | _ | 56 communities | case |
| 55 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 56 communities | det |
| 56 | communities | community | NOUN | Number=Plur | 53 traded | obl |
| 57 | there | there | ADV | PronType=Dem | 53 traded | advmod |
| 58 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 integrated | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | integrate | past · passive | the north of the island | into Indian Ocean trade | vn amalgamate-22.2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient into trade=Co-Patient | ||||
| 2 | begin | past | the mid-to | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 3 | use | gerund | the mid-to not said here | the named Augustine Bay St. | the southwest | as a stopping point | vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent bay=Duration as point=Attribute | ||
| 4 | name | participle | newly property | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | trade | past | the mid-to not said here | there | with the communities | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with community=Co-Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Madagascar», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madagascar/75/