Malawi, sentence 230
From Wikipedia, «Malawi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
The country does not have a declared national language per its constitution but considers several major languages as regional which include Chichewa (42.5%), Chitumbuka (31.2%), and Chiyao (13.7%).
Who acts: country, regional, language · What happens: not have, declare, consider, include, constitute · To what, where: declared national language, several major languages, Chichewa
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Malawi». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (country, regional, language), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 country | det |
| 2 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 have | nsubj |
| 3 | does | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 have | aux |
| 4 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 5 have | advmod |
| 5 | have | have | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 language | det |
| 7 | declared | declare | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 language | amod |
| 8 | national | national | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 language | amod |
| 9 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 have | obj |
| 10 | per | per | ADP | _ | 12 constitution | case |
| 11 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 12 constitution | nmod:poss |
| 12 | constitution | constitution | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 language | nmod |
| 13 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 14 considers | cc |
| 14 | considers | consider | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 have | conj |
| 15 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 languages | amod |
| 16 | major | major | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 languages | amod |
| 17 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 considers | obj |
| 18 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 21 include | mark |
| 19 | regional | regional | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 include | nsubj |
| 20 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 21 include | nsubj |
| 21 | include | include | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 considers | advcl |
| 22 | Chichewa | Chichewa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 include | obj |
| 23 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 25 % | punct |
| 24 | 42.5 | 42.5 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 25 % | nummod |
| 25 | % | % | SYM | Number=Sing | 22 Chichewa | appos |
| 26 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 25 % | punct |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 Chitumbuka | punct |
| 28 | Chitumbuka | Chitumbuka | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 Chichewa | conj |
| 29 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 31 % | punct |
| 30 | 31.2 | 31.2 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 31 % | nummod |
| 31 | % | % | SYM | Number=Sing | 28 Chitumbuka | appos |
| 32 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 31 % | punct |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 Chiyao | punct |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 Chiyao | cc |
| 35 | Chiyao | Chiyao | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 have | obl |
| 36 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 38 % | punct |
| 37 | 13.7 | 13.7 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 38 % | nummod |
| 38 | % | % | SYM | Number=Sing | 35 Chiyao | appos |
| 39 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 38 % | punct |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 have | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not have | present · do-support | the country | a declared national language | per language's constitution; Chiyao obl | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Patient | |||
| 2 | declare speech: other | participle | vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | consider | present | the country not said here | several major languages | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent language=Attribute | ||||
| 4 | include | present | regional | Chichewa and Chitumbuka | which nsubj | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chichewa=Theme | |||
| 5 | constitute | language | nom constitution «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Malawi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malawi/230/