Montenegro, sentence 43
From Wikipedia, «Montenegro», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm.
What happens: replace, refer · To what, where: Zeta
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Montenegro». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | ADP | _ | 4 century | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 century | det |
| 3 | 13th | 13th | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord | 4 century | amod |
| 4 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 replaced | obl |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 century | punct |
| 6 | Zeta | Zeta | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 replaced | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 replaced | aux |
| 8 | replaced | replace | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 9 | Duklja | Duklja | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 replaced | obj |
| 10 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 11 referring | advmod |
| 11 | referring | refer | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 8 replaced | advcl |
| 12 | to | to | ADP | _ | 14 realm | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 realm | det |
| 14 | realm | realm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 referring | obl |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 replaced | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | replace | past · perfect · passive | Zeta | century | Duklja obj | tree rules | |||
| 2 | refer | gerund | to the realm | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to realm=Co-Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Montenegro», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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