Montenegro, sentence 90
From Wikipedia, «Montenegro», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Faced with new and overwhelming Italian forces, many of the fighters laid down their arms and returned home.
Who acts: Faced new Italian forces · What happens: lay down, return · To what, where: arms
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Montenegro». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Faced new Italian forces), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Faced | faced | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 forces | amod |
| 2 | with | with | ADP | _ | 7 forces | case |
| 3 | new | new | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 forces | amod |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 overwhelming | cc |
| 5 | overwhelming | overwhelming | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 new | conj |
| 6 | Italian | Italian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 forces | amod |
| 7 | forces | force | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 laid | nsubj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 laid | punct |
| 9 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 laid | nsubj |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 fighters | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 fighters | det |
| 12 | fighters | fighter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 many | nmod |
| 13 | laid | lay | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 14 | down | down | ADP | _ | 13 laid | compound:prt |
| 15 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 16 arms | nmod:poss |
| 16 | arms | arm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 laid | obj |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 returned | cc |
| 18 | returned | return | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 laid | conj |
| 19 | home | home | ADV | _ | 18 returned | advmod |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 laid | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lay down | past | Faced new Italian forces | forces's arms | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Result | ||||
| 2 | return | past | Faced new Italian forces not said here | home property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Montenegro», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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