Niamey, sentence 15
From Wikipedia, «Niamey», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Due to rapid population growth, the city has many informal settlements, allocated semi-legally from chiefs of traditional governments, which are often excluded from public utilities.
Who acts: city · What happens: have, allocate, exclude · To what, where: many informal settlements, chiefs, traditional governments, public utilities
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Niamey». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Due | due | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP | 5 growth | case |
| 2 | to | to | ADP | _ | 1 Due | fixed |
| 3 | rapid | rapid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 growth | amod |
| 4 | population | population | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 growth | compound |
| 5 | growth | growth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 has | obl |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 growth | punct |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 city | det |
| 8 | city | city | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 has | nsubj |
| 9 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 settlements | amod |
| 11 | informal | informal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 settlements | amod |
| 12 | settlements | settlement | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 has | obj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 allocated | punct |
| 14 | allocated | allocate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 settlements | acl |
| 15 | semi-legally | semi-legally | ADV | _ | 14 allocated | advmod |
| 16 | from | from | ADP | _ | 17 chiefs | case |
| 17 | chiefs | chief | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 allocated | obl |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 governments | case |
| 19 | traditional | traditional | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 governments | amod |
| 20 | governments | government | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 chiefs | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 excluded | punct |
| 22 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 25 excluded | nsubj:pass |
| 23 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 excluded | aux:pass |
| 24 | often | often | ADV | _ | 25 excluded | advmod |
| 25 | excluded | exclude | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 governments | acl |
| 26 | from | from | ADP | _ | 28 utilities | case |
| 27 | public | public | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 utilities | amod |
| 28 | utilities | utility | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 excluded | obl |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 has | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | the city | many informal settlements | due rapid population growth | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent settlement=Patient | |||
| 2 | allocate | participle | many informal settlements not said here | chiefs of traditional governments | semi-legally property | vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent | |||
| 3 | exclude | present · passive | traditional governments | public utilities | often property | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Beneficiary from utility=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Niamey», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Niamey/15/