Niger, sentence 65
From Wikipedia, «Niger», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gaining more converts over the following centuries.
Who acts: Arab traders · What happens: introduce, gain, follow · To what, where: Islam, more converts
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Niger». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Arab traders), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Islam | Islam | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 introduced | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 introduced | aux |
| 3 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 introduced | aux:pass |
| 4 | introduced | introduce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | to | to | ADP | _ | 7 kingdom | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 kingdom | det |
| 7 | kingdom | kingdom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 introduced | obl |
| 8 | by | by | ADP | _ | 10 traders | case |
| 9 | Arab | Arab | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 traders | amod |
| 10 | traders | trader | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 introduced | obl:agent |
| 11 | from | from | ADP | _ | 14 century | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 century | det |
| 13 | 11th | 11th | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 century | amod |
| 14 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 traders | nmod |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 gaining | punct |
| 16 | gaining | gain | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 introduced | advcl |
| 17 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 18 converts | amod |
| 18 | converts | convert | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 gaining | obj |
| 19 | over | over | ADP | _ | 22 centuries | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 centuries | det |
| 21 | following | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 22 centuries | amod |
| 22 | centuries | century | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 gaining | obl |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 introduced | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | introduce | past · perfect · passive | Arab traders from the 11th century | Islam | to the kingdom | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient to kingdom=Co-Patient | |||
| 2 | gain | gerund | Arab traders from the 11th century not said here | more converts | century | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent convert=Theme | |||
| 3 | follow | gerund | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Niger», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Niger/65/