Papua New Guinea, sentence 463

From Wikipedia, «Papua New Guinea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

The country's terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure, resulting in air travel being the most efficient and reliable means of transportation.

Who acts: efficient · What happens: make, develop, result, be, mean · To what, where: terrain, transportation infrastructure, air travel · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Papua New Guinea». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (efficient), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 country	det
2	country	country	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 terrain	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 country	case
4	terrain	terrain	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 made	nsubj:pass
5	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 made	aux
6	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 difficult	expl
8	difficult	difficult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 made	xcomp
9	for	for	ADP	_	11 country	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 country	det
11	country	country	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 made	obl
12	to	to	PART	_	13 develop	mark
13	develop	develop	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 made	advcl
14	transportation	transportation	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 infrastructure	compound
15	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 develop	obj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 resulting	punct
17	resulting	result	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	27 means	csubj
18	in	in	ADP	_	20 travel	case
19	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 travel	compound
20	travel	travel	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 resulting	obl
21	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	24 efficient	cop
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	24 efficient	det
23	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	24 efficient	advmod
24	efficient	efficient	ADJ	Degree=Pos	27 means	nsubj
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	26 reliable	cc
26	reliable	reliable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 efficient	conj
27	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 made	parataxis
28	of	of	ADP	_	29 transportation	case
29	transportation	transportation	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 means	obl
30	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 made	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	make	present · perfect · passive		the country's terrain		for the country; difficult property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: subject=Product for country=Asset
2	develop	to-infinitive		transportation infrastructure			vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent infrastructure=Product
3	result	gerund			air travel		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in travel=Location
4	is	gerund				efficient property	tree rules
5	be						tree rules
6	mean	present	the efficient			of transportation	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: the English Wikipedia, «Papua New Guinea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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🌲 Papua New Guinea, sentence 463

The tree

Pragmatics

Papua New Guinea, sentence 463