📰 Reykjavík

Reykjavík[7] is the capital and largest city of Iceland corpus.1 It is located on the southern shore of the bay in southwest Iceland and has a latitude of 64°08′ N, making it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state.[8]2 Reykjavík has a population of around 140,000 as of 2026,[5] and the surrounding Capital Region has a population of around 252,000, constituting approximately 64% of Iceland's population.[4]3

According to, the settlement of Iceland began in Reykjavík when Ingólfur Arnarson arrived from Norway corpus in the year 874.4 For over 900 years following this, there was no urban development; the city was officially founded in 1786 as a trading town and grew steadily as it transformed into its current state as the centre of Iceland's cultural, economic, and governmental activity.5 It is popular with tourists and is consistently ranked as one of the cleanest, safest, and most environmentally friendly cities in the world.[9][10][11]6

History

See also: History of Iceland

According to legend, the first permanent Norse settlement in Iceland was established at Reykjavík by Ingólfr Arnarson circa AD 870, as described in the Book of Settlement.7 Ingólfr is said to have decided the location of his settlement using a traditional Norse method: when land was in sight, he cast his high seat pillars overboard and promised to settle where the gods decided to bring them ashore.8 Two of his slaves then searched the coasts for three years before finding the pillars in the bay which eventually became the site of Reykjavík.[12]9

Etymology

The name is of Old Norse origin, derived from the roots ('smoke') and ('bay').10 The name is said to be inspired by steam rising from hot springs in the region.11 The original name was Reykjar-vík,[13] with an "r" suffix for the genitive singular of reykr; the modern version reykja- uses the genitive plural.12 The name's meaning is still transparent in modern Icelandic, and in modern Norwegian (røyk + vik).13 The name originally referred to both the bay on the northern shore of the modern city centre, between Örfirisey and Laugarnes, as well as the estate and farm of Ingólfr Arnarson.14 This form of the name fell out of use shortly after settlement, and the estate was referred to as Vík á Seltjarnarnesi until the name Reykjavík was revived when urban development began centuries later.[13]15 The name has been translated as Bay of Smoke in English-language travel guides.[14]16

Urban development

The site of the modern city centre was farmland until the 18th century.17 In 1752, King Frederik V of Denmark donated the estate of Reykjavík to the Innréttingar corporation.18 The leader of this movement was Skúli Magnússon.19 In the 1750s, several houses were built to house the wool industry, which was Reykjavík's most important employer for a few decades and the original reason for its existence.20 Other industries were undertaken by the Innréttingar, such as fisheries, sulphur mining, agriculture, and shipbuilding.[15]21

The Danish Crown abolished monopoly trading in 1786 and granted six communities around the country an exclusive trading charter.22 Reykjavík was one of them and the only one to hold on to the charter permanently.23 1786 is thus regarded as the date of the city's founding.24 Trading rights were limited to subjects of the Danish Crown, and Danish traders continued to dominate trade in Iceland.25 Over the following decades, their business in Iceland expanded.26 After 1880, free trade was expanded to all nationalities, and the influence of Icelandic merchants started to grow.27

Rise of nationalism

Icelandic nationalist sentiment gained influence in the 19th century, and the idea of Icelandic independence became widespread.28 Reykjavík, as Iceland's only city, was central to such ideas.29 Advocates of an independent Iceland realized that a strong Reykjavík was fundamental to that objective.30 All the important events in the history of the independence struggle were important to Reykjavík as well.31 In 1845 the Alþingi, the general assembly formed in 930 AD, was re-established in Reykjavík; it had been suspended a few decades earlier when it was located at Þingvellir.32 At the time it functioned only as an advisory assembly, advising the king about Icelandic affairs.33 The location of Alþingi in Reykjavík effectively established the city as the capital of Iceland.34

In 1874, Iceland was given a constitution; with it, Alþingi gained some limited legislative powers and in essence became the institution that it is today.35 The next step was to move most of the executive power to Iceland: Home Rule was granted in 1904 when the office of Minister for Iceland was established in Reykjavík.36 On 1 December 1918, Iceland became a sovereign country, the Kingdom of Iceland, in personal union with the Crown of Denmark.37

By the 1920s and 1930s, most of the growing Icelandic fishing trawler fleet sailed from Reykjavík; cod production was its main industry, but the Great Depression hit Reykjavík hard with unemployment, and labour union struggles sometimes became violent.38

World War II

On the morning of 10 May 1940, following the German occupation of Denmark and Norway corpus on 9 April 1940, four British warships approached Reykjavík and anchored in the harbour.39 In a few hours, the Allied occupation of Reykjavík was complete.40 There was no armed resistance, and taxi and truck drivers even assisted the invasion force, which initially had no motor vehicles.41 The Icelandic government had received many requests from the British government to consent to the occupation, but it always declined on the basis of its policy of neutrality.42 For the remaining years of World War II, British and later American soldiers occupied camps in Reykjavík, and the number of foreign soldiers in Reykjavík became about the same as the local population of the city.[16]43 The Royal Regiment of Canada formed part of the garrison in Iceland during the early part of the war.44

The economic effects of the occupation were positive for Reykjavík: the unemployment of the Depression years vanished, and construction work began.45 The British built Reykjavík Airport, which remains in service today, mostly for short-haul flights (to domestic destinations and Greenland).46 The Americans, meanwhile, built Keflavík Airport, situated 50 km WSW of Reykjavík, which became Iceland's primary international airport.[17]47 In 1944, the Republic of Iceland was founded and a president, elected by the people, replaced the king; the office of the president was placed in Reykjavík.48

Post-war development

In the post-war years, the growth of Reykjavík accelerated.49 An exodus from the rural countryside began, largely because improved technology in agriculture reduced the need for manpower, and because of a population boom resulting from better living conditions in the country.50 A once-primitive village was rapidly transformed into a modern city.51 Private cars became common, and modern apartment complexes rose in the expanding suburbs.52

In 1972, Reykjavík hosted the famous World Chess Championship between Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky.53 The 1986 Reykjavík Summit between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev underlined Reykjavík's international status.54 Deregulation in the financial sector and the computer revolution of the 1990s again transformed Reykjavík.55 The financial and IT sectors are now significant employers in the city.56

Geography

Reykjavík is located in the southwest of Iceland corpus.57 The Reykjavík area coastline is characterized by peninsulas, coves, straits, and islands.58

During the Ice Age (up to 10,000 years ago) a large glacier covered parts of the city area, reaching as far out as Álftanes.59 Other parts of the city area were covered by sea water.60 In the warm periods and at the end of the Ice Age, some hills like Öskjuhlíð were islands.61 The former sea level is indicated by sediments (with clams) reaching (at Öskjuhlíð, for example) as far as 43 m above the current sea level.62 The hills of Öskjuhlíð and Skólavörðuholt appear to be the remains of former shield volcanoes which were active during the warm periods of the Ice Age.63 After the Ice Age, the land rose as the heavy load of the glaciers fell away, and began to look as it does today.64

The capital city area continued to be shaped by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, such as the one 4,500 years ago in the mountain range Bláfjöll, when the lava coming down the Elliðaá valley reached the sea at the bay of Elliðavogur.65

The largest river to run through Reykjavík is the Elliðaá River, which is non-navigable.66 It offers salmon fishing within the city limits.[18]67 Mount Esja, at 914 m, is the highest mountain in the vicinity of Reykjavík.68

The city of Reykjavík is mostly located on the Seltjarnarnes peninsula, but the suburbs reach far out to the south and east.69 Reykjavík is a spread-out city: most of its urban area consists of low-density suburbs, and houses are usually widely spaced.70 The outer residential neighbourhoods are also widely spaced from each other; in between them are the main traffic arteries and a lot of empty space.71 The city's latitude is 64°08' N, making it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state (Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, is slightly further north at 64°10' (about 4 km) but Greenland is a constituent country, not an independent state).72

Climate

Reykjavík has a subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfc, Trewartha: Eolk).[19][20][21]73 At 64° north, Reykjavík is characterized by extremes of day and night length over the course of the year.74 From 20 May to 24 July, daylight is essentially permanent as the sun never gets more than 5° below the horizon.75 Day length drops to less than five hours between 2 December and 10 January.76 The sun climbs just 3° above the horizon during this time.77 However, day length begins increasing rapidly during January and by month's end there are seven hours of daylight.78

Despite its northern latitude, temperatures very rarely drop below -15 C in the winter.79 The proximity to the Arctic Circle and the strong moderation of the Atlantic Ocean in the Icelandic corpus coast (influence of North Atlantic Current, an extension of the Gulf Stream) shape a relatively mild winter and a cold to cool summer.80 The city's coastal location does make it prone to wind, however, and gales are common in winter (influence of the Icelandic Low).[22]81 Summers are cold, with temperatures fluctuating between 10 and 15 C, rarely exceeding 20 C. This is a result of exposure to the maritime winds in its exposed west coast location that causes it to be much cooler in summer than similar latitudes in mainland Scandinavia.82 Contrasting this, winter days are milder than anywhere in far southern Sweden corpus and the vast majority of Denmark.83 In fact, winter temperatures are comparable to those of New York City, which is more than 20 degrees farther south.84 Reykjavík averages 147 days of rain (more than 1mm) per year.[23]85 Droughts are uncommon, although they occur in some summers.86 In the summer of 2007, no rain was measured for one month.87 July and August are the warmest months of the year on average and January and February the coldest.88