Rwanda, sentence 41
From Wikipedia, «Rwanda», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the Bantu migrations; one theory is that the first settlers were Hutu, while the Tutsi migrated later to form a distinct racial group, possibly of Nilo-hamitic origin.
Who acts: Historians, several theories, one theory, Tutsi · What happens: have, regard, be, migrate, form · To what, where: several theories, nature, Hutu, distinct racial group
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Rwanda». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Historians, several theories, one theory, Tutsi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Historians | historian | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 have | nsubj |
| 2 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 theories | amod |
| 4 | theories | theory | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 have | obj |
| 5 | regarding | regard | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 4 theories | acl |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 nature | det |
| 7 | nature | nature | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 regarding | obj |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 migrations | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 migrations | det |
| 10 | Bantu | Bantu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 migrations | compound |
| 11 | migrations | migration | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 nature | nmod |
| 12 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 21 Hutu | punct |
| 13 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 14 theory | nummod |
| 14 | theory | theory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 Hutu | nsubj |
| 15 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 Hutu | cop |
| 16 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 21 Hutu | mark |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 settlers | det |
| 18 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 19 settlers | amod |
| 19 | settlers | settler | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 Hutu | nsubj |
| 20 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 21 Hutu | cop |
| 21 | Hutu | Hutu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 have | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 migrated | punct |
| 23 | while | while | SCONJ | _ | 26 migrated | mark |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 Tutsi | det |
| 25 | Tutsi | Tutsi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 migrated | nsubj |
| 26 | migrated | migrate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 have | parataxis |
| 27 | later | late | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 26 migrated | advmod |
| 28 | to | to | PART | _ | 29 form | mark |
| 29 | form | form | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 26 migrated | advcl |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 33 group | det |
| 31 | distinct | distinct | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 group | amod |
| 32 | racial | racial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 group | amod |
| 33 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 form | obj |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 origin | punct |
| 35 | possibly | possibly | ADV | _ | 40 origin | advmod |
| 36 | of | of | ADP | _ | 40 origin | case |
| 37 | Nilo | Nilo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 40 origin | compound |
| 38 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 37 Nilo | punct |
| 39 | hamitic | hamitic | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 origin | compound |
| 40 | origin | origin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 form | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 have | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Historians | several theories | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent theory=Patient | ||||
| 2 | regard | gerund | several theories not said here | the nature of the Bantu migrations | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nature=Theme | ||||
| 3 | is a | present | one theory | Hutu | the first settlers nsubj | tree rules | |||
| 4 | migrate | past | the Tutsi | late property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | form | to-infinitive | the Tutsi not said here | a distinct racial group | of Nilo hamitic origin | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location group=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Rwanda», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Rwanda/41/