Sierra Leone, sentence 31
From Wikipedia, «Sierra Leone», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Iron technology had been adopted by the 9th century and agriculture established by 1000 AD along the coast.
What happens: adopt, establish · To what, where: Iron technology, agriculture
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Sierra Leone». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Iron | iron | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 technology | compound |
| 2 | technology | technology | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 adopted | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 adopted | aux |
| 4 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 adopted | aux:pass |
| 5 | adopted | adopt | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | by | by | ADP | _ | 9 century | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 century | det |
| 8 | 9th | 9th | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 century | amod |
| 9 | century | century | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 adopted | obl |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 agriculture | cc |
| 11 | agriculture | agriculture | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 century | conj |
| 12 | established | establish | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 agriculture | acl |
| 13 | by | by | ADP | _ | 15 AD | case |
| 14 | 1000 | 1000 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 15 AD | nummod |
| 15 | AD | ad | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 established | obl |
| 16 | along | along | ADP | _ | 18 coast | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 coast | det |
| 18 | coast | coast | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 AD | nmod |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 adopted | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | adopt | past · perfect · passive | Iron technology | century | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 2 | establish | participle | agriculture not said here | by 1000 AD along the coast | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Sierra Leone», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Sierra_Leone/31/