South Africa, sentence 230

From Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily because of overpopulation, sprawling development patterns, and deforestation during the 19th century.

Who acts: South · What happens: lose, sprawl · To what, where: large area, development patterns

This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «South Africa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (South), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	South	South	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 lost	nsubj
2	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	1 South	flat
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 lost	aux
4	lost	lose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 area	det
6	large	large	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 area	amod
7	area	area	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 lost	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 habitat	case
9	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 habitat	amod
10	habitat	habitat	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 area	nmod
11	in	in	ADP	_	15 decades	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 decades	det
13	last	last	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 decades	amod
14	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	15 decades	nummod
15	decades	decade	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 lost	obl
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 overpopulation	punct
17	primarily	primarily	ADV	_	20 overpopulation	advmod
18	because	because	ADP	ExtPos=ADP	20 overpopulation	case
19	of	of	ADP	_	18 because	fixed
20	overpopulation	overpopulation	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 lost	parataxis
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 sprawling	punct
22	sprawling	sprawl	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	20 overpopulation	conj
23	development	development	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 patterns	compound
24	patterns	pattern	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 sprawling	obj
25	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 deforestation	punct
26	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 deforestation	cc
27	deforestation	deforestation	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 overpopulation	conj
28	during	during	ADP	_	31 century	case
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	31 century	det
30	19th	19th	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord	31 century	amod
31	century	century	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 deforestation	nmod
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 lost	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lose	present · perfect	South	a large area of natural habitat			decade	overpopulation and deforestation during the 19th century parataxis	vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent area=Eventuality
2	sprawl	gerund	South not said here	development patterns					vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location pattern=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: the English Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Africa/230/

🌲 South Africa, sentence 230

The tree

Pragmatics

South Africa, sentence 230