South Africa, sentence 422
From Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
South Africa has 12 official languages: Afrikaans, Zulu, Xhosa, English, Pedi, Tswana, Southern Sotho, Tsonga, Swazi, Venda, and Southern Ndebele (in order of first language speakers), as well as South African Sign Language, which was recognised as an official language in 2023.
Who acts: South Africa · What happens: have, recognise, order · To what, where: 12 official languages, Afrikaans, first language speakers
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «South Africa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (South Africa), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | South | South | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Africa | compound |
| 2 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 has | nsubj |
| 3 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | 12 | 12 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 6 languages | nummod |
| 5 | official | official | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 languages | amod |
| 6 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 has | obj |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 8 Afrikaans | punct |
| 8 | Afrikaans | Afrikaans | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 languages | appos |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 Zulu | punct |
| 10 | Zulu | Zulu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 Xhosa | punct |
| 12 | Xhosa | Xhosa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 English | punct |
| 14 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 Pedi | punct |
| 16 | Pedi | Pedi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 Tswana | punct |
| 18 | Tswana | Tswana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 Sotho | punct |
| 20 | Southern | Southern | PROPN | _ | 21 Sotho | flat |
| 21 | Sotho | Sotho | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 Tsonga | punct |
| 23 | Tsonga | Tsonga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 Swazi | punct |
| 25 | Swazi | Swazi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 Venda | punct |
| 27 | Venda | Venda | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 Ndebele | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 Ndebele | cc |
| 30 | Southern | southern | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 Ndebele | amod |
| 31 | Ndebele | ndebele | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | appos |
| 32 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 34 order | punct |
| 33 | in | in | ADP | _ | 34 order | case |
| 34 | order | order | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 Ndebele | appos |
| 35 | of | of | ADP | _ | 38 speakers | case |
| 36 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 38 speakers | amod |
| 37 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 speakers | compound |
| 38 | speakers | speaker | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 order | nmod |
| 39 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 34 order | punct |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 47 Language | punct |
| 41 | as | as | ADV | ExtPos=CCONJ | 47 Language | cc |
| 42 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 41 as | fixed |
| 43 | as | as | ADP | _ | 47 Language | case |
| 44 | South | South | PROPN | Number=Sing | 47 Language | compound |
| 45 | African | African | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 47 Language | amod |
| 46 | Sign | Sign | PROPN | Number=Sing | 47 Language | compound |
| 47 | Language | Language | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Afrikaans | conj |
| 48 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 51 recognised | punct |
| 49 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 51 recognised | nsubj:pass |
| 50 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 51 recognised | aux:pass |
| 51 | recognised | recognise | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 Afrikaans | acl |
| 52 | as | as | ADP | _ | 55 language | case |
| 53 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 55 language | det |
| 54 | official | official | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 55 language | amod |
| 55 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 recognised | obl |
| 56 | in | in | ADP | _ | 57 2023 | case |
| 57 | 2023 | 2023 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 55 language | nmod |
| 58 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 has | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | South Africa | 12 official languages | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Patient | ||||
| 2 | recognise | past · passive | Afrikaans and Zulu and Xhosa and English and Pedi and Tswana and Southern Sotho and Tsonga and Swazi and Venda as South African Sign Language | as a official language in 2023 | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus as language=Attribute | ||||
| 3 | order | first language speakers | nom order «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Africa/422/