South Africa, sentence 43
From Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
The earliest ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal are believed to date from around 1050.
What happens: believe · To what, where: earliest ironworks, 1050
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «South Africa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 ironworks | det |
| 2 | earliest | early | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 3 ironworks | amod |
| 3 | ironworks | ironwork | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 believed | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 day | case |
| 5 | modern | modern | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 day | amod |
| 6 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 5 modern | punct |
| 7 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 ironworks | nmod |
| 8 | KwaZulu | KwaZulu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 day | appos |
| 9 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 8 KwaZulu | punct |
| 10 | Natal | Natal | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 KwaZulu | flat |
| 11 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 believed | aux:pass |
| 12 | believed | believe | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 13 | to | to | PART | _ | 14 date | mark |
| 14 | date | date | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 believed | xcomp |
| 15 | from | from | ADP | _ | 17 1050 | case |
| 16 | around | around | ADP | _ | 17 1050 | case |
| 17 | 1050 | 1050 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 12 believed | obl |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 believed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | believe | present · passive | the earliest ironworks in modern day | 1050 | date xcomp | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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