South Africa, sentence 46
From Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
In Mpumalanga, several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named Adam's Calendar, and the ruins are thought to be created by the Bakone, a Northern Sotho group.
Who acts: Bakone · What happens: find, name, think, create · To what, where: several stone circles, Mpumalanga, stone arrangement, ruins
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «South Africa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bakone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 2 Mpumalanga | case |
| 2 | Mpumalanga | Mpumalanga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 found | obl |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 Mpumalanga | punct |
| 4 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 circles | amod |
| 5 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 circles | compound |
| 6 | circles | circle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 found | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 found | aux |
| 8 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 9 found | aux:pass |
| 9 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 10 | along | along | ADP | _ | 14 arrangement | case |
| 11 | with | with | ADP | _ | 14 arrangement | case |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 arrangement | det |
| 13 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 arrangement | compound |
| 14 | arrangement | arrangement | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 found | obl |
| 15 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 named | obj |
| 16 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 named | aux |
| 17 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 18 named | aux:pass |
| 18 | named | name | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 14 arrangement | acl:relcl |
| 19 | Adam | Adam | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 Calendar | nmod:poss |
| 20 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 19 Adam | case |
| 21 | Calendar | Calendar | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 named | xcomp |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 thought | punct |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 thought | cc |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 ruins | det |
| 25 | ruins | ruin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 thought | nsubj:pass |
| 26 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 thought | aux:pass |
| 27 | thought | think | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 found | conj |
| 28 | to | to | PART | _ | 30 created | mark |
| 29 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 30 created | aux:pass |
| 30 | created | create | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 27 thought | xcomp |
| 31 | by | by | ADP | _ | 33 Bakone | case |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 Bakone | det |
| 33 | Bakone | Bakone | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 created | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 group | punct |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 group | det |
| 36 | Northern | northern | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 group | amod |
| 37 | Sotho | Sotho | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 group | compound |
| 38 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 Bakone | appos |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 found | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | find | present · perfect · passive | several stone circles | Mpumalanga | along a stone arrangement | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | |||
| 2 | name | present · perfect · passive | a stone arrangement | Adam's Calendar xcomp | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: that=Theme | ||||
| 3 | think speech: other | present · passive | the ruins | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme | |||||
| 4 | create | to-infinitive · passive | the Bakone | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Africa/46/