Switzerland, sentence 305
From Wikipedia, «Switzerland», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Until 1848, the loosely coupled Confederation did not have a central political organisation.
Who acts: coupled Confederation · What happens: couple, not have · To what, where: central political organisation
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Switzerland». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (coupled Confederation), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Until | until | ADP | _ | 2 1848 | case |
| 2 | 1848 | 1848 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 10 have | obl |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 1848 | punct |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 Confederation | det |
| 5 | loosely | loosely | ADV | _ | 6 coupled | advmod |
| 6 | coupled | couple | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 Confederation | amod |
| 7 | Confederation | Confederation | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 have | nsubj |
| 8 | did | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 have | aux |
| 9 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 10 have | advmod |
| 10 | have | have | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 organisation | det |
| 12 | central | central | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 organisation | amod |
| 13 | political | political | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 organisation | amod |
| 14 | organisation | organisation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 have | obj |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 have | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | couple | participle | loosely property | vn amalgamate-22.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 2 | not have | past · do-support | the coupled Confederation | a central political organisation | until 1848 | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent organisation=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Switzerland», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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