Tonga, sentence 23
From Wikipedia, «Tonga», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Scholars still debate exactly when Tonga was first settled, but thorium dating confirms that settlers had arrived in the earliest known inhabited town, Nukuleka, by 888 BC, ± 8 years.
Who acts: Scholars · What happens: debate, settle, arrive, know, inhabit · To what, where: dating confirms, Tonga, earliest known inhabited town
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Tonga». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Scholars), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Scholars | scholar | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 debate | nsubj |
| 2 | still | still | ADV | _ | 3 debate | advmod |
| 3 | debate | debate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | exactly | exactly | ADV | _ | 9 settled | advmod |
| 5 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 9 settled | advmod |
| 6 | Tonga | Tonga | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 settled | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 settled | aux:pass |
| 8 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 9 settled | advmod |
| 9 | settled | settle | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 debate | ccomp |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 confirms | punct |
| 11 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 14 confirms | cc |
| 12 | thorium | thorium | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 dating | compound |
| 13 | dating | dating | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 confirms | compound |
| 14 | confirms | confirm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 debate | obl |
| 15 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 arrived | nsubj:pass |
| 16 | settlers | settler | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 arrived | nsubj |
| 17 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 arrived | aux |
| 18 | arrived | arrive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 14 confirms | acl:relcl |
| 19 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 town | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 town | det |
| 21 | earliest | early | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 24 town | amod |
| 22 | known | know | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 town | amod |
| 23 | inhabited | inhabit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 town | amod |
| 24 | town | town | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 arrived | obl |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 Nukuleka | punct |
| 26 | Nukuleka | Nukuleka | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 town | appos |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 888 | punct |
| 28 | by | by | ADP | _ | 29 888 | case |
| 29 | 888 | 888 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 18 arrived | obl |
| 30 | BC | BC | PROPN | Number=Sing | 29 888 | nmod:unmarked |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 years | punct |
| 32 | ± | ± | SYM | _ | 33 8 | case |
| 33 | 8 | 8 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 34 years | nummod |
| 34 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 debate | obl |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 debate | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | debate | present | Scholars | dating confirms | still; year | vn chit_chat-37.6-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||
| 2 | settle | past · passive | Tonga | exactly, first property | vn odge-46-1 «NP V ADV»: subject=Location | ||||
| 3 | arrive | past · perfect · passive | dating confirms | the earliest known inhabited town | by 888 BC; settlers nsubj | tree rules | |||
| 4 | know | participle | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 5 | inhabit | participle | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Tonga», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Tonga/23/